1、July 2014Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 15No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 13
2、.080.40!%2k“2159772www.din.deDDIN EN ISO 11274Soil quality Determination of the water-retention characteristic Laboratory methods (ISO 11274:1998 + Cor 1:2009);English version EN ISO 11274:2014,English translation of DIN EN ISO 11274:2014-07Bodenbeschaffenheit Bestimmung des Wasserrckhaltevermgens L
3、aborverfahren (ISO 11274:1998 + Cor 1:2009);Englische Fassung EN ISO 11274:2014,Englische bersetzung von DIN EN ISO 11274:2014-07Qualit du sol Dtermination de la caractristique de la rtention en eau Mthodes de laboratoire (ISO 11274:1998 + Cor 1:2009);Version anglaise EN ISO 11274:2014,Traduction an
4、glaise de DIN EN ISO 11274:2014-07SupersedesDIN ISO 11274:2012-04www.beuth.deDocument comprises pagesIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.2807.14 DIN EN ISO 11274:2014-07 2 A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword The text of ISO 11274:1998
5、 + Cor 1:2009 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190 “Soil quality” and has been taken over as EN ISO 11274:2014 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 345 “Characterization of soils” (Secretariat: NEN, Netherlands). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuss
6、 Wasserwesen (Water Practice Standards Committee), Working Committee NA 119-01-02-02 UA Chemische und physikalische Verfahren of NA 119-01-02 AA Abfall- und Bodenuntersuchungen. Expert assistance and specialized laboratories will be required to perform the analyses described in this standard. As a r
7、esult of national implementation in Germany, the following should be noted: The Corrigendum given in the title (Cor 1:2009) was already included in DIN ISO 11274:2012-04. The DIN Standards corresponding to the International Standards referred to in this document are as follows: ISO 10381-1 DIN ISO 1
8、0381-1 ISO 11272 DIN EN ISO 11272 ISO 11276 DIN EN ISO 11276 ISO 11461 DIN EN ISO 11461 Amendments This standard differs from DIN ISO 11274:2012-04 as follows: a) the Bibliography of the National Annex (NA) has been updated; b) the standard has been editorially revised. Previous editions DIN 19683-5
9、: 1973-04 DIN ISO 11274: 2001-01, 2012-04 DIN EN ISO 11274:2014-07 3 National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography DIN ISO 10381-1, Soil quality Sampling Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes DIN EN ISO 11272, Soil quality Determination of dry bulk density DIN EN ISO 11276, Soil quali
10、ty Determination of pore water pressure Tensiometer method DIN EN ISO 11461, Soil quality Determination of soil water content as a volume fraction using coring sleeves Gravimetric method DIN EN ISO 11274:2014-07 4 This page is intentionally blank EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN
11、ISO 11274 March 2014 ICS 13.080.40 English Version Soil quality - Determination of the water-retention characteristic -Laboratory methods (ISO 11274:1998 + Cor 1:2009) Qualit du sol - Dtermination de la caractristique de la rtention en eau - Mthodes de laboratoireBodenbeschaffenheit - Bestimmung des
12、 This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 March 2014. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical refe
13、rences concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CE
14、N member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoni
15、a, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPIS
16、CHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 11274:2014 E(ISO 11274:1998 + Cor 1:2009) Wasserrckhaltevermgens - Laborverfahren (IS
17、O 11274:1998 + Cor 1:2009) Contents Page Foreword EN ISO 11274:2014 (E) DIN EN ISO 11274:2014-07 2 3 Introduction . 4 1 Scope 5 2 Definitions 5 3 Guidelines for choice of method 6 4 Sampling . 7 5 Determination of the soil water characteristic using sand, kaolin and ceramic suction tables . 9 6 Dete
18、rmination of soil water characteristic using a porous plate and burette . 12 7 Determination of soil water characteristic by pressure plate extractor 15 8 Determination of soil water characteristic using pressure membrane cells . 17 9 Precision . 19 Annex A (informative) Construction of suction tabl
19、es 20 Annex B (informative) Bibliography 24 Foreword The text of ISO 11274:1998, including Cor 1:2009 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190 “Soil quality” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 11274:2014 by Technical Committee CEN
20、/TC 345 “Characterization of soils” the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn a
21、t the latest by September 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the
22、 national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia
23、, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 11274:1998, including Cor 1:2009 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 11274:2014 without any modification. E
24、N ISO 11274:2014 (E) DIN EN ISO 11274:2014-07 3 IntroductionSoil water content and matric pressure are related to each other anddetermine the water-retention characteristics of a soil. Soil water which is inequilibrium with free water is at zero matric pressure (or suction) and thesoil is saturated.
25、 As the soil dries, matric pressure decreases (i.e. becomesmore negative), and the largest pores empty of water. Progressivedecreases in matric pressure will continue to empty finer pores untileventually water is held in only the finest pores. Not only is water removedfrom soil pores, but the films
26、of water held around soil particles are reducedin thickness. Therefore a decreasing matric pressure is associated with adecreasing soil water content 5, 6. Laboratory or field measurements ofthese two parameters can be made and the relationship plotted as a curve,called the soil water-retention char
27、acteristic. The relationship extends fromsaturated soil (approximately 0 kPa) to oven-dry soil (about 2106kPa).The soil water-retention characteristic is different for each soil type. Theshape and position of the curve relative to the axes depend on soilproperties such as texture, density and hyster
28、esis associated with thewetting and drying history. Individual points on the water-retentioncharacteristic may be determined for specific purposes.The results obtained using these methods can be used, for example:- to provide an assessment of the equivalent pore size distribution (e.g.identification
29、 of macro- and micropores);- to determine indices of plant-available water in the soil and to classifysoil accordingly (e.g. for irrigation purposes);- to determine the drainable pore space (e.g. for drainage design,pollution risk assessments);- to monitor changes in the structure of a soil (caused
30、by e.g. tillage,compaction or addition of organic matter or synthetic soilconditioners);- to ascertain the relationship between the negative matric pressure andother soil physical properties (e.g. hydraulic conductivity, thermalconductivity);- to determine water content at specific negative matric p
31、ressures (e.g.for microbiological degradation studies);- to estimate other soil physical properties (e.g. hydraulic conductivity).EN ISO 11274:2014 (E) DIN EN ISO 11274:2014-07 4 1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies laboratory methods for determination of the soil water-retention characteris
32、tic.This International Standard applies only to measurements of the drying or desorption curve.Four methods are described to cover the complete range of soil water pressures as follows:a) method using sand, kaolin or ceramic suction tables for determination of matric pressures from 0 kPa to- 50 kPa;
33、b) method using a porous plate and burette apparatus for determination of matric pressures from 0 kPato - 20 kPa;c) method using a pressurized gas and a pressure plate extractor for determination of matric pressures from- 5 kPa to - 1500 kPa;d) method using a pressurized gas and pressure membrane ce
34、lls for determination of matric pressures from- 33 kPa to - 1500 kPa.Guidelines are given to select the most suitable method in a particular case.2 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.2.1soil water-retention characteristicrelation between soil
35、water content and soil matric head of a given soil sample2.2matric pressureamount of work that must be done in order to transport, reversibly and isothermally, an infinitesimal quantity ofwater, identical in composition to the soil water, from a pool at the elevation and the external gas pressure of
36、 thepoint under consideration, to the soil water at the point under consideration, divided by the volume of watertransportedEN ISO 11274:2014 (E) DIN EN ISO 11274:2014-07 5 2.3water content mass ratiowmass of water evaporating from the soil when dried to constant mass at 105 C, divided by the dry ma
37、ss of the soil(i.e. the ratio between the masses of water and solid particles within a soil sample)2.4water content volume fractionqvolume of water evaporating from the soil when dried to constant mass at 105 C, divided by the original bulkvolume of the soil (i.e. the ratio between the volume of liq
38、uid water within a soil sample and the total volumeincluding all pore space of that sample)NOTE 1 The soil water-retention characteristic is identified in the scientific literature by various names including soil waterrelease curve, soil water-retention curve, pF curve and the capillary pressure-sat
39、uration curve. Use of these terms isdeprecated.NOTE 2 The pascal is the standard unit of pressure but many other units are still in use. Table A.1 provides conversions formost units.NOTE 3 Sometimes suction is used instead of pressure to avoid the use of negative signs (see Introduction). However, t
40、histerm can cause confusion and is deprecated as an expression of the matric pressure.NOTE 4 For swelling and shrinking soils, seek the advice of a specialist laboratory since interpretation of water-retention datawill be affected by these properties.3 Guidelines for choice of methodGuidelines are g
41、iven below to help select the most suitable method in a particular case.3.1 Sand, kaolin or ceramic suction tables for determination of pressures from 0 kPa to 50 kPaThe sand, kaolin and ceramic suction table methods are suitable for large numbers of determinations at highpressures on cores or aggre
42、gates of different shapes and sizes. Analyses on samples of a wide range of texturesand organic matter contents can be carried out simultaneously since equilibration is determined separately for eachcore. The suction table methods are suitable for a laboratory carrying out analyses on a routine basi
43、s and whereregular equipment maintenance procedures are implemented.3.2 Porous plate and burette apparatus for determination of pressures from 0 kPa to 20 kPaThe porous plate and burette apparatus allows analysis of only one sample at a time, and several sets of equipmentare therefore necessary to e
44、nable replication and full soil profile characterization. The method is particularly suitedto soils with weak structures and sands which are susceptible to slumping or slaking, since minimal sampledisturbance occurs. Capillary contact is not broken during the procedure and all samples, particularly
45、soils withhigher organic matter content or sandy textures, will equilibrate more rapidly using this technique. This is a simpletechnique suitable for small laboratories.3.3 Pressure plate extractor for determination of pressures from 5 kPa to 1500 kPaspecifications of pressure chambers and ceramic p
46、lates are required for the range of pressures, e.g. 0 kPa toThe pressure plate method can be used 20 kPa, 20 kPa to 100 kPa and 100 kPa to 1 500 kPa. The method is, however, best suited to pressures of 33 kPa or lower, since air entrapment at high negative pressures can occur. It is preferable that
47、soils with similar water-release properties are analysed together to ensure equilibration times are approximately the same, though in practice it may be difficult. Sample size is usually smaller than for the previous two methods and therefore the technique is less suitable for heterogeneous soil hor
48、izons, or for those with a strong structural composition. Analysis of disturbed soils is traditionally carried out using this method. for determinations of all pressures to 1 500 kPa. However, different EN ISO 11274:2014 (E) DIN EN ISO 11274:2014-07 6 3.4 Pressure membrane cells for determination of
49、 pressures from 33 kPa to 1500 kPaThe pressure membrane cell should only be used for pressures below - 33 kPa. Capillary contact at higherpressures is not satisfactory for this method. The method is appropriate for all soil types though the use of doublemembranes is recommended for coarse (sandy) textured soils. Sample size can be selected (according to the sizeof the pressure cell) to take into account soil structure. Different
