1、November 2015 English price group 14No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 13.060.60; 17.240!%GG“2365736ww
2、w.din.deDIN EN ISO 13162Water quality Determination of carbon 14 activity Liquid scintillation counting method (ISO 13162:2011);English version EN ISO 13162:2015,English translation of DIN EN ISO 13162:2015-11Wasserbeschaffenheit Bestimmung der Aktivitt von Kohlenstoff-14 Verfahren mit dem Flssigszi
3、ntillationszhler (ISO 13162:2011);Englische Fassung EN ISO 13162:2015,Englische bersetzung von DIN EN ISO 13162:2015-11Qualit de leau Dtermination de lactivit volumique du carbone 14 Mthode par comptage des scintillations en milieu liquide (ISO 13162:2011);Version anglaise EN ISO 13162:2015,Traducti
4、on anglaise de DIN EN ISO 13162:2015-11www.beuth.deDocument comprises pagesDTranslation by DIN-Sprachendienst.In case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.2911.15 DIN EN ISO 13162:2015-10 2 A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword The text of ISO 1
5、3162:2011 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147 “Water quality” and has been taken over as EN ISO 13162:2015 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis” (Secretariat: DIN, Germany). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was DIN-Normenausschuss Wasserwesen (DIN
6、Standards Committee Water Practice), Working Committee NA 119-01-03 AA Wasseruntersuchung. Designation of the method: Determination of carbon 14 activity Liquid scintillation counting method (C 30): Method DIN EN ISO 13162 C 30 The DIN Standards corresponding to the International Standards referred
7、to in this document are as follows: ISO 5667-1 see DIN EN ISO 5667-1 ISO 5667-3 see DIN EN ISO 5667-3 ISO 11929 see DIN ISO 11929 ISO 80000-10 see DIN EN ISO 80000-10 ISO/IEC 17025 see DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025 DIN EN ISO 13162:2015-11 3 Expert assistance and specialized laboratories will be required to
8、perform the analyses described in this standard. Existing safety requirements are to be observed. Depending on the objective of the analysis, a check shall be made on a case-by-case basis as to whether and to what extent additional conditions will have to be specified. This standard has been prepare
9、d by DIN-Normenausschuss Wasserwesen (DIN Standards Committee Water Practice) in collaboration with the Wasserchemische Gesellschaft Fachgruppe in der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (Water Chemistry Society Division of the German Chemical Society). It is part of the series Deutsche Einheitsverfahre
10、n zur Wasser-, Abwasser- und Schlammuntersuchung (German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge): Determination of carbon 14 activity Liquid scintillation counting method (C 30). Standard methods published as DIN Standards are obtainable from Beuth Verlag GmbH, either
11、individually or grouped in volumes. The standard methods included in the loose-leaf publication entitled Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasser-, Abwasser- und Schlammuntersuchung will continue to be published by Beuth Verlag GmbH and Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH 13.060.60 English Version Water quality - De
12、termination of carbon 14 activity - Liquid scintillation counting method (ISO 13162:2011) Qualit de leau - Dtermination de lactivit volumique du carbone 14 - Mthode par comptage des scintillations en milieu liquide (ISO 13162:2011) Wasserbeschaffenheit - Bestimmung der Aktivitt von Kohlenstoff-14 -
13、Verfahren mit dem Flssigszintillationszhler (ISO 13162:2011) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 July 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard withou
14、t any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other la
15、nguage made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denm
16、ark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE
17、 FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 13162:2015 EContents Page
18、European foreword .3 Introduction 1 Scope 2 Normative references .3 Symbols, definitions, units, and abbreviations .4 Principle .5 Reagents and equipment 5.1 Reagents 5.2 Equipment .6 Sampling and samples .6.1 Sampling 6.2 Sample storage 7 Procedure 7.1 Sample preparation .7.2 Preparation of the sou
19、rces to be measured .7.3 Counting procedure 7.4 Calibration and verification 7.5 Measurement conditions .8 Expression of results .8.1 General .8.2 Calculation of activity concentration .8.3 Decision threshold 8.4 Detection limit 8.5 Confidence limits .8.6 Calculations using the activity per mass 9 T
20、est report .Annex A (informative) Numerical applications .15Annex B (informative) Internal standard method .17Annex C (informative) Extraction of total carbon: precipitate counting 19Annex D (informative) Extraction of total carbon: absorption counting .Bibliography .22EN ISO 13162:2015 (E) DIN EN I
21、SO 13162:2015-11 455667789999991010101111111212131313225European foreword The text of ISO 13162:2011 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147 “Water quality” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 13162:2015 by Technical Committee CEN
22、/TC 230 “Water analysis” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest
23、 by February 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national sta
24、ndards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
25、Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 13162:2011 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 13162:2015 without any modification. 3EN ISO 13162:2015 (E) DIN EN ISO 13
26、162:2015-11 IntroductionThe carbon 14 (14C) present in the environment is of natural origin and man made. As a result of atmospheric nuclear weapon testing, emissions from nuclear engineering installations, and the application and processing of isotopes, relatively large amounts of 14C have been rel
27、eased into the environment. Due to the substantial proportion of 14C in the human internal dose contribution, monitoring of 14C activity concentrations in the environment is necessary in order to follow its circulation in the hydrosphere and biosphere. 14C is the second radionuclide (null3 500 Bq) t
28、o contribute to the human body natural radioactivity, behind 40K (null6 000 Bq).4EN ISO 13162:2015 (E) DIN EN ISO 13162:2015-11 WARNING Persons using this International Standard should be familiar with normal laboratory practice. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,
29、if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to ensure compliance with any national regulatory conditions.IMPORTANT It is absolutely essential that tests conducted according to this International Standard be carried ou
30、t by suitably trained staff.1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies the conditions for the determination of 14C activity concentration in samples of environmental water or of 14C-containing water using liquid scintillation counting.The method is applicable to the analysis of any organic molecul
31、e soluble in water that is well mixed with the scintillation cocktail. It does not apply to micelles or “large” particles (lipids, fulvic acid, humic acid, etc.) that are inadequately mixed with the scintillation cocktail and the water. Some beta energy is lost without any excitation of the scintill
32、ation cocktail and the results are underestimated. The method is not applicable to the analysis of organically bound 14C, whose determination requires additional chemical processing (such as chemical oxidation, combustion).It is possible to determine 14C activity concentrations below 106Bq lnull1wit
33、hout any sample dilution.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO
34、 5667-1, Water quality Sampling Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniquesISO 5667-3, Water quality Sampling Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samplesISO 11929, Determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of t
35、he confidence interval) for measurements of ionizing radiation Fundamentals and applicationISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratoriesISO 80000-10, Quantities and units Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physicsISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, Uncertainty of measu
36、rement Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995)5EN ISO 13162:2015 (E) DIN EN ISO 13162:2015-11 3 Symbols, definitions, units, and abbreviationsFor the purposes of this document, the symbols, definitions, units, and abbreviations defined in ISO 80000-10, ISO 11929, ISO
37、/IEC Guide 98-3 and the following apply.null Activity of the calibration source, in becquerelsnullnullActivity concentration, in becquerels per litrecA*Decision threshold, in becquerels per litrecAnullDetection limit, in becquerels per litreccAAtrianglerighttriangleleftnullLower and upper limits of
38、the confidence interval, in becquerels per litrenullqQuench factornull Mass of test sample, in kilogramsnull0Background count rate, in reciprocal secondsnullgSample count rate, in reciprocal secondsnullsCount rate of the calibration sample, in reciprocal secondsnull0Background counting time, in seco
39、ndsnullgSample counting time, in secondsnullsCounting time of the calibration sample, in secondsnull Expanded uncertainty, calculated by null null nullnullnull(nullnull) with null null 1, 2, , in becquerels per litrenull(nullnull) Standard uncertainty associated with the measurement result, in becqu
40、erels per litrenull Volume of test sample, in litresnull Activity per mass, in becquerels per kilogramnullmaxMaximum energy for the beta emission, in kiloelectronvoltsnull Detection efficiencynull Mass density of the sample, in kilograms per litre4 PrincipleThe scintillation phenomenon results from
41、interaction of ionizing radiation with solvents and compounds exhibiting fluorescence (scintillators). Both solvents and scintillators constitute the scintillation cocktail. The scintillation mixture is achieved by adding the scintillation cocktail to the test sample in order to obtain a homogeneous
42、 mixture.The test sample is mixed with the scintillation cocktail in a counting vial to obtain a homogeneous medium. Electrons emitted by 14C transfer their energy to the scintillation medium. Molecules excited by this process return to their ground state by emitting photons that are detected by pho
43、todetectors.The electric pulses emitted by the photodetectors are amplified, sorted (in order to remove random events) and analysed by the electronic systems and the data analysis software. The count rate of these electric pulses allows the determination of the test sample activity, after correcting
44、 for the background count rate and detection efficiency.6EN ISO 13162:2015 (E) DIN EN ISO 13162:2015-11 In order to determine the background, a blank sample is prepared in the same way as the test sample. The blank sample is prepared using a reference water of the lowest activity available, in accor
45、dance with the activities to be measured.The detection efficiency is determined with a calibration sample that is prepared with a standard of aqueous 14C, or a dilution of this standard with reference water, measured under the same conditions as the test sample.The sample (blank, test, calibration)
46、and the measurement conditions shall be: same type of counting vial; same filling geometry; same scintillation cocktail; same ratio between test sample and scintillation cocktail; temperature stability of the detection apparatus; value of quench-indicating parameter included in calibration curve.A p
47、rerequisite for the direct determination of 14C in a water sample is the absence of or a negligible contribution from other beta-emitting radionuclides, such as 90Sr and Ra isotopes. When the radionuclide content of the sample is unknown, the method specified in this International Standard only prov
48、ides a 14C equivalent activity for the sample.Examples of methods of sample pretreatment are described in Annexes C and D.Concerning quench correction, if particular conditions of chemical quenching affect the measurement results, it is recommended that a quench curve be established. It is important to choose the chemical quenching agent in accordance with the supposed type of quenching observed in the sample.5 Reagents and equipment5.1 ReagentsDuring the analysis, unless otherwise stated, use only rea
