1、August 2016 English price group 15No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 07.080!%YE-“2543410www.din.deDIN
2、ISO 18458Biomimetics Terminology, concepts and methodology (ISO 18458:2015),English translation of DIN ISO 18458:2016-08Bionik Terminologie, Konzepte und Methodik (ISO 18458:2015),Englische bersetzung von DIN ISO 18458:2016-08Biomimtique Terminologie, concepts et mthodologie (ISO 18458:2015),Traduct
3、ion anglaise de DIN ISO 18458:2016-08www.beuth.deDocument comprises 31 pagesDTranslation by DIN-Sprachendienst.In case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.08.16 Foreword 5Introduction 61 Scope . 72 Terms and definitions .73 What is biomimetics?. 93.1 Essentials o
4、f biomimetics 93.2 Boundaries to and areas of overlap with related sciences . 103.3 Biomimetic products and processes . 114 Reasons and occasions for using biomimetic methods . 124.1 Possibilities, performance, and success factors for biomimetics . 124.2 Biomimetics and sustainability . 134.3 Limits
5、 of biomimetics . 144.4 Communication process in biomimetics . 145 Biomimetic engineering process 145.1 General 145.2 Development of new ideas . 155.3 Abstraction and analogy 185.4 Planning phase to invention .196 Implementation of biomimetics in the innovation approach .20Annex A (informative) Exam
6、ples .21Bibliography .29Contents PageNational foreword . 3National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography 4DIN ISO 18458:2016-08 2A comma is used as the decimal marker. DIN ISO 18458:2016-08 3 National foreword This document (EN 18458:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 266 “Biomimeti
7、cs” (Secretariat: DIN, Germany). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was DIN-Normenausschuss Materialprfung (DIN Standards Committee Materials Testing), Working Committee NA 062-08-60 AA Bionik. VDI 6220 Blatt 1 served as a basis for ISO 18458. The development of ISO 18458 took p
8、lace in the framework of the grant funded research project ISOBIONIK 01FS10008. VDI 6220 to VDI 6226 on bionics address relevant topics in this field. VDI 6220 Blatt 1, VDI 6223 Blatt 1 and VDI 6224 Blatt 2 are particularly relevant for definitions and terms in bionics as well as for industrial appl
9、ications and thus served as a basis for the preparation of International Standards ISO 18457), ISO 18458 and ISO 18459 in the framework of the ISOBIONIK 01FS10008 project. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. DIN shall
10、not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. )In preparation National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography VDI 6220 Blatt 1, Biomimetics Conception and strategy Differences between biomimetic and conventional methods/products VDI 6221 Blatt 1, Biomimetics Biomimetic surfaces
11、 VDI 6222 Blatt 1, Biomimetics Biomimetic robots VDI 6223 Blatt 1, Biomimetics Biomimetic materials, structures and components VDI 6224 Blatt 1, Biomimetic optimization Application of evolutionary algorithms VDI 6224 Blatt 2, Biomimetic optimization Application of biological growth laws for the stru
12、cture-mechanical optimization of technical components VDI 6224 Blatt 3: Biomimetics Integrated product development process for biomimetic optimization VDI 6225 Blatt 1, Biomimetics Biomimetic information processing VDI 6226 Blatt 1, Biomimetics Architecture, civil engineering, industrial design Basi
13、c principles DIN ISO 18458:2016-08 4 ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body i
14、nterested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechn
15、ical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO do
16、cuments should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held respons
17、ible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given fo
18、r the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL
19、: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 266, Biomimetics.DIN ISO 18458:2016-08 5 IntroductionBiomimetics is understood to be the application of research and development approaches of interest to practical applications and which use knowledge gained
20、 from the analysis of biological systems to find solutions to problems, create new inventions and innovations, and transfer this knowledge to technical systems. The idea of transferring biological principles to technology is the central element of biomimetics (see Clause 3 for a definition of biomim
21、etics).The basic motivation behind the transfer of biological solutions to technical applications is the assumption that biological structures are optimized to their needs and can be the source of significant and convincing applications. To date, over 2,5 million different species have been identifi
22、ed and described to a great extent together with their specific characteristics. In terms of biomimetics, there is therefore a gigantic pool of ideas available for solutions to practical problems.Historically, the development of biomimetics can be divided into the following phases:1model-based biomi
23、metics was introduced starting around 1950 primarily for use in the design and construction of aircraft, vehicles, and ships by deriving modelling rules based on similarity theory for transferring the principles of biological systems to technical designs. Around 1960, the two pillars of biomimetics
24、(biology and technology) were combined linguistically for the first time due to the influence of cybernetics and placed on a common linguistic and methodical foundation. This foundation then became an important basis for the central element of the field of biomimetics: the transfer of knowledge. Sin
25、ce about 1980, biomimetics has also been extended down to the microscale and nanoscale (e.g. the Lotus-EffectText )2. New methods in measurement and manufacturing technology were the keys to these extensions. Since the 1990s, biomimetics has received further impetus, in particular due to the rapid t
26、echnological development in the related fields of computer science, nanotechnology, mechatronics, and biotechnology. In many cases, it is new developments in these fields that enable the transfer of complex biological systems in the first place3.Today, the field of biomimetics is increasingly consid
27、ered a scientific discipline that has generated numerous innovations in products and technologies. This highly interdisciplinary collaborative work, which brings together experts from the fields of biology, engineering sciences, and numerous other disciplines, possesses a particularly high potential
28、 for innovation4. For this reason, biomimetics has now become an object of research and education at numerous universities and extramural research institutions. However, manufacturing companies are also increasingly turning to biomimetic methods to develop new products or to optimize existing produc
29、ts. In spite of the increasing number of researchers and users active in the field of biomimetics, the transfer of knowledge from the field of biology to technology is still a complex process that places high demands on the people involved.Nature has numerous “ingenious solutions” available that can
30、 often be understood intuitively. It is seldom easy, though, to explain the underlying mechanisms and in particular, to explain how they could be applied to technology. This discrepancy is one reason for the current and ongoing relevance of the field of biomimetics, which will also continue into the
31、 next decades5.6DIN ISO 18458:2016-08 Biomimetics Terminology, concepts and methodology1 ScopeThis International Standard provides a framework for the terminology on biomimetics in scientific, industrial, and educational purposes.This International Standard is intended to provide a suitable framewor
32、k for biomimetic applications. The field of biomimetics is classified and defined, numerous terms are described, and a description of the process of applying biomimetic methods from the development of new ideas to the biomimetic product is provided. The limits and potential of biomimetics as an inno
33、vation approach or as a sustainability strategy are also illustrated. In addition, this International Standard provides an overview of the various areas of application and describes how biomimetic methods differ from classic forms of research and development. If a technical system is subjected to a
34、development process according to this International Standard, then it is allowed to be referred to as a “biomimetic” system.This International Standard provides guidance and support for developers, designers, and users who want to learn about the biomimetic development process and integrate biomimet
35、ic methods into their work aiming at a common language for scientists and engineers working in the field of biomimetics. It can be applied wherever nature has produced a biological system sufficiently similar to the technical target system that can be used to develop a technical equivalent.2 Terms a
36、nd definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.2.1abstractioninductive process in which a general conclusion is drawn based on the observation of a specific objectNote 1 to entry: In biomimetics, this conclusion is ideally a physical context for describing
37、 the underlying functional and operating principles of the biological systems.2.2analogyanalogy in terms of technology is understood to be a similarity in the relationships between the relevant parameters used to describe two different systemsNote 1 to entry: The specification of the relevant parame
38、ters is the object of abstraction (2.1). In terms of its definition in the field of biomimetics (2.9), one of these two systems is a biological system (2.6), and the other system is the technical target system.Note 2 to entry: In biology, the term “analogy” refers to similarities in functional chara
39、cteristics between different organisms that resulted from the need to adapt and not because the organisms are somehow related. In contrast, similarities based on relationship dependencies, and therefore on similar genetic information, are referred to as homologies. In biology, the term “analogy” has
40、 come to be understood dynamically and emphasizes in particular the differences between the starting points of two evolutionary developments.2.3analysissystematic examination in which the biological or technical system is decomposed into its component parts using suitable methods, after which the pa
41、rts are then organized and evaluatedNote 1 to entry: The opposite of analysis, in terms of its aspect of “resolution into individual parts”, is referred to as synthesis (recomposition).7DIN ISO 18458:2016-08 2.4bioengineeringapplication of engineering knowledge to the fields of medicine or biology2.
42、5bioinspirationcreative approach based on the observation of biological systems (2.6)Note 1 to entry: The relation to the biological system (2.6) may only be loose.2.6biological systemcoherent group of observable elements originating from the living world spanning from nanoscale to macroscale2.7biol
43、ogy pushbiomimetic development process in which the knowledge gained from basic research in the field of biology is used as the starting point and is applied to the development of new technical productsNote 1 to entry: In technology, biology push is considered as a bottom-up process.Note 2 to entry:
44、 In design research, biology push is considered as “solution driven”6.Note 3 to entry: See also technology pull (2.19).2.8biomimicrybiomimetismphilosophy and interdisciplinary design approaches taking nature as a model (2.15) to meet the challenges of sustainable development (2.17) (social, environm
45、ental, and economic)2.9biomimeticsinterdisciplinary cooperation of biology and technology or other fields of innovation with the goal of solving practical problems through the function analysis of biological systems (2.6), their abstraction (2.1) into models (2.15), and the transfer into and applica
46、tion of these models to the solutionNote 1 to entry: Criteria 1 to 3 of Table 1 shall be fulfilled for a product to be biomimetic.2.10bionicstechnical discipline that seeks to replicate, increase, or replace biological functions by their electronic and/or mechanical equivalents2.11componentelement o
47、f an assembly that cannot be decomposed any further2.12functionrole played by the behaviour of a system (2.18) in an environment2.13inventionact of creating something new or improved or product of this creationNote 1 to entry: An invention therefore differs from an innovation, for which market diffu
48、sion is a prerequisite.N1) N1)National footnote: The defined term “biomimetics” (2.9) in the original English text (ISO text) has been translated as “Bionik” in the German version. To avoid the double use of the term “Bionik”, the defined term “bionics” (2.10) in the English version has not been tra
49、nslated; rather, it has been left as “Bionics” in the German language document. 8DIN ISO 18458:2016-08 2.14materialcollective term for the substances needed to manufacture and operate machines, but also to build constructionsNote 1 to entry: The term “material” is used in the following as a general term for all
