1、August 2016 English price group 14No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 07.080!%YE.“2543411www.din.deDIN
2、ISO 18459Biomimetics Biomimetic structural optimization (ISO 18459:2015),English translation of DIN ISO 18459:2016-08Bionik Bionische Strukturoptimierung (ISO 18459:2015),Englische bersetzung von DIN ISO 18459:2016-08Biomimtisme Optimisation biomimtique (ISO 18459:2015),Traduction anglaise de DIN IS
3、O 18459:2016-08www.beuth.deDocument comprises 26 pagesDTranslation by DIN-Sprachendienst.In case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.08.16 Foreword 5Introduction 61 Scope .72 Normative references 73 Terms and definitions .74 Symbols and abbreviated terms .95 Prin
4、ciples of self-optimization in nature and hence transferred optimization methods 96 Application of methods .116.1 Application range and limits 116.2 Computer Aided Optimization (CAO) . 126.2.1 Stress-controlled growth . 126.2.2 Shrinking . 136.2.3 Finite elements in practical applications (FEA) . 14
5、6.3 Soft Kill Option (SKO) . 146.3.1 Principle of the SKO method . 146.3.2 Implementing the SKO principle in the finite element analysis . 156.3.3 Examples of applications of the SKO method .176.4 Computer Aided Internal Optimization (CAIO) .186.4.1 Example of the CAIO method: bent cylinder .196.5 M
6、ethod of Tensile Triangles 206.5.1 General. 206.5.2 Tensile triangles for saving material216.5.3 Tensile triangles for optimization of fibre orientation 236.5.4 Example of the Method of Tensile Triangles: shoulder fillet .24Bibliography .26Contents PageDIN ISO 18459:2016-08 2National foreword .3Nati
7、onalAnnexNA(informative) Bibliography 4A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This document (EN 18459:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 266 “Biomimetics” (Secretariat: DIN, Germany). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was DIN-Normenausschuss
8、 Materialprfung (DIN Standards Committee Materials Testing), Working Committee NA 062-08-60 AA Bionik. National Directive VDI 6224 Blatt 2 served as a basis for ISO 18459. The development of ISO 18459 took place in the framework of the grant funded research project ISOBIONIK 01FS10008. Directives VD
9、I 6220 to VDI 6226 on bionics address relevant topics in this field. The three Directives VDI 6220 Blatt 1, VDI 6223 Blatt 1 and VDI 6224 Blatt 2 are particularly relevant for definitions and terms in bionics as well as for industrial applications and thus served as a basis for the preparation of In
10、ternational Standards ISO 18457*), ISO 18458 and ISO 18459 in the framework of the ISOBIONIK 01FS10008 project. The DIN Standard corresponding to the International Standard referred to in this document is as follows: ISO 18458 DIN ISO 18458 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elem
11、ents of this document may be the subject of patent rights. DIN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. *)In preparation. DIN ISO 18459:2016-08 3 National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography DIN ISO 18458, Biomimetics Terminology, concepts and methodology VDI 6220
12、 Blatt 1, Biomimetics Conception and strategy Differences between biomimetic and conventional methods/products VDI 6221 Blatt 1, Biomimetics Biomimetic surfaces VDI 6222 Blatt 1, Biomimetics Biomimetic robots VDI 6223 Blatt 1, Biomimetics Biomimetic materials, structures and components VDI 6224 Blat
13、t 1, Biomimetic optimization Application of evolutionary algorithms VDI 6224 Blatt 2, Biomimetic optimization Application of biological growth laws for the structure-mechanical optimization of technical components VDI 6224 Blatt 3, Biomimetics Integrated product development process for biomimetic op
14、timization VDI 6225 Blatt 1, Biomimetics Biomimetic information processing VDI 6226 Blatt 1, Biomimetics Architecture, civil engineering, industrial design Basic principles DIN ISO 18459:2016-08 4 ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
15、standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
16、 organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for
17、 its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org
18、/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be i
19、n the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions re
20、lated to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 266, Biomimetics.DIN ISO 18459:2016-08 5 Introdu
21、ctionBiomimetic optimization methods are based on the knowledge gained from studying natural biological structures and processes.Structural optimization is a special branch of optimization dealing with the ideal design of components while taking the current boundary conditions into account. Commonly
22、 optimized properties include the weight, the load capacity, the stiffness, or the lifespan. The goal is to optimize one or more of these properties by maximizing or minimizing their values.Generally, the idea is to utilize the construction material as efficiently as possible while avoiding overload
23、ed and underloaded areas. Since almost every technical component for functional reasons exhibits changes in section and, hence, notches, minimizing notch stress is especially important in structural optimization. In classic structural optimization, the notch shape factor, i.e. the stress concentrati
24、on factor on the notch, is reduced by selecting the largest possible radius of curvature for the notch or by utilizing the mutual interaction of notches and adding relief notches. The shapes of the notches are not changed by this procedure. The use of other notch shapes (Baud curves, ellipses, logar
25、ithmic spirals, etc.) was suggested as early as in the 1930s. But they are not widely applied in technology and are only used occasionally.Computer-based biomimetic optimization tools, such as Computer Aided Optimization (CAO) and the Soft Kill Option (SKO), modify the shape and topology of the comp
26、onent, respectively, and thus homogenize the stresses using the finite element analysis (FEA). Such tools have been available since 1990 and are used in industry. The need to use FEA for optimization in this case limits the number of possible users, though, because a powerful computer, special softw
27、are, and an expert are needed for its operation. The demand for even simpler and faster methods that cannot only be used by specialists to optimize components, but also by design engineers, led to the development of the “Method of Tensile Triangles”. Although development of this method began in 2006
28、 only, it is already being used for verified applications because it is easy to understand and apply. The wide range of applications of biomimetic optimization methods together with the relative ease with which users are able to understand and apply the methods enables users to perform component opt
29、imization early in the design process. In the case of the Tensile Triangle Method, this is possible simply by implementing the method in CAD systems.As every optimization means specialization for the selected cases of load, service loading can be well known. Other unconsidered loading conditions mig
30、ht even result in higher stresses in a component.DIN ISO 18459:2016-08 6 Biomimetics Biomimetic structural optimization1 ScopeThe International Standard specifies the functions and scopes of biomimetic structural optimization methods. They consider linear structural problems under static and fatigue
31、 loads. The methods described in this International Standard are illustrated by examples.Based on the biological model of natural growth and by use of the FEM optimization methods for technical components, computer-based biomimetic optimization tools are described as Computer Aided Optimization (CAO
32、), Soft Kill Option (SKO), and Computer Aided Internal Optimization (CAIO). The purpose of these methods is an optimal materials application for weight reduction or enhanced capability and lifespan of the components.Additionally, a simpler and faster “Method of Tensile Triangles” is described that c
33、an be used by every design engineer. The wide range of applications of biomimetic optimization methods together with the relative ease with which users are able to understand and apply the methods enables users to perform component optimization early in the design process.The purpose of this Interna
34、tional Standard is to familiarize users with biomimetic optimization methods as effective tools for increasing the lifespan, reducing the weight of components, and promoting the widespread use of these methods in support of sustainable development.This International Standard is intended primarily fo
35、r designers, developers, engineers, and technicians, but also for all persons entrusted with the design and evaluation of load-bearing structures.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application.
36、 For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 18458, Biomimetics Terminology, concepts and methodologyISO 2394, General principles on reliability for structuresISO 4866, Mechanical v
37、ibration and shock Vibration of fixed structures Guidelines for the measurement of vibrations and evaluation of their effects on structuresISO 13823, General principles on the design of structures for durability3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definit
38、ions apply.3.1mechanical adaptive growthappropriate reaction of biological structures, such as trees and bones, to changing conditions (e.g. mechanical loads) by locally adding material to high-stress areas or removing material from low-stress areasEXAMPLE Thicker annual rings.3.2algorithmprecisely
39、described procedure to complete a task in a finite number of stepsDIN ISO 18459:2016-08 7 3.3design spacevolume available for a componentNote 1 to entry: The edges of the component to be designed shall not extend beyond the limits of the design space.3.4Computer Aided Internal OptimizationCAIOmethod
40、 based on the finite element analysis (3.6) for the optimization of the local fibre orientation in fibre composites with the goal of increasing their load capacity3.5Computer Aided OptimizationCAOmethod for optimizing the shapes of components based on the finite element analysis (3.6)Note 1 to entry
41、: The stresses in highly stressed areas, such as notches (3.8), are reduced and the component lifespan is increased.3.6finite element analysisFEAnumerical method for obtaining approximate solutions of partial differential equations subject to boundary conditionsNote 1 to entry: In the engineering sc
42、iences, it is used as an analysis method, for example, to answer questions relating to structural mechanics. With FEA, a complex structure is divided up using small, simple, and interlinked elements (FEA mesh). When boundary conditions (loads, bearings, etc.) and material properties are defined, it
43、is possible to calculate stresses, deformations, etc. in any section of the complex structure.3.7shape optimizationmodification of the surface of the component to modify a certain target function in a defined manner (for example, to minimize stresses)3.8notchconcavities in components that weaken a c
44、omponent locally due to the notch effect (3.9)Note 1 to entry: Such weak points are not desired in most cases, but notches are used as predetermined breaking points in certain cases in order to specify where the component should fail and to limit the load that can be placed on the component.3.9notch
45、 effectlocal arising of stress peaks on notches (3.8) subjected to a loadNote 1 to entry: The height of the peak usually depends on the size and shape of the notch (3.8). The stresses decrease as the curvature is decreased and as the size of the notch (3.8) contour is increased.3.10Method of Tensile
46、 Trianglessimple graphical method for homogenizing stresses in componentsNote 1 to entry: It can be used to reduce stresses in high-stress areas, for example, on notches (3.8), and increase the component lifespan, as well as to remove underloaded areas and save material.DIN ISO 18459:2016-08 8 3.11S
47、oft Kill OptionSKOmethod for optimizing the topology (3.12) of components based on the finite element analysis (3.6)Note 1 to entry: Lightweight design proposals are generated by successively removing low-stressed material from the design space (3.3).3.12topologyrelationship (position and orientatio
48、n, for example) between the structural elements (holes, supports, etc.) of a component4 Symbols and abbreviated termsE modulus of elasticityE variation of the modulus of elasticity, E = f()F forceM torqueT (x,y,z) thermal load coefficient of thermal expansionmisesequivalent stress according to von Mi
