1、December 2009DEUTSCHE NORM English price group 12No part of this standard may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 21.200!$#“1562700www.
2、din.deDDIN ISO 18653Gears Evaluation of instruments for the measurement of individual gears(ISO 18653:2003)English version of DIN ISO 18653:2009-12Zahnrder Bewertung von Messgerten fr die Messung von Zahnrdern (ISO 18653:2003)Englische Fassung DIN ISO 18653:2009-12www.beuth.deDocument comprises 23 p
3、agesDIN ISO 18653:2009-12 2 Contents Page National foreword 3 National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms, definitions and symbols.5 4 Application .8 4.1 General8 4.2 Traceability.8 4.3 Artifacts 8 4.4 Measurement uncertainty .9 4.5 Sources of uncertain
4、ty9 4.6 Evaluation interval 10 5 Condition of the measurement system 10 5.1 System characteristics. 10 5.2 Suitability for calibration 10 5.3 Table load considerations . 10 5.4 Tooling and gauges 10 6 Environment 11 7 Artifacts . 11 7.1 Artifact size and geometry. 11 7.2 Involute artifacts . 12 7.3
5、Helix artifacts 13 7.4 Pitch artifacts 14 7.5 Runout artifacts 15 7.6 Tooth thickness artifacts . 15 7.7 Workpiece-like artifacts . 17 8 Method for estimating measurement uncertainty. 17 8.1 Methods . 18 8.2 Comparator method . 18 8.3 Calculation of U95measurement uncertainty 18 8.4 Procedure 19 Ann
6、ex A (normative) Artifact calibration certificate requirements. 21 Bibliography. 23 National foreword This standard has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 60 “Gears” (Secretariat: ANSI, USA). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuss Maschinenbau (Mecha
7、nical Engineering Standards Committee), Technical Committee NA 060-34-11 AA Zylinderrder Terminologie und Toleranzen of Section Antriebstechnik. The International Standards referred to in this document have been published as the corresponding DIN ISO or DIN EN ISO Standards with the same number, exc
8、ept for those below, which correspond as follows: ISO 1122-1 similar to DIN 868, DIN 3998-1, DIN 3998-2, DIN 3998-3 and DIN 3998-4 ISO 1328-1 similar to DIN 3961, DIN 3962-1, DIN 3962-2 and DIN 3963 ISO 1328-2 similar to DIN 3962-2:1978 und DIN 3963:1978 ISO/TR 10064-1 similar to DIN 3960 ISO/TR 100
9、64-2 similar to DIN 3960 ISO/TR 10064-3 similar to DIN 3964 ISO/TR 10064-5 there is no national standard available ISO/TS 14253-1 DIN EN ISO 14253-1 ISO/TS 14253-2 there is no national standard available ISO 17025 DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025 Note concerning equations (1) and (4): Use of equations (1) and (
10、4) with the addend E is not recommended because only the numerical value is entered into the report, while the calculation history remains unknown. The result is either a too pessimistic value for U95or an incorrect value when carrying out conversions for another K-value. Calculating U95only makes s
11、ense when the measured value has been corrected for the systematic error E, in which case the addend E no longer appears in equations (1) and (4). DIN ISO 18653:2009-12 3 National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography DIN 868, General definitions and specification factors for gears, gear pairs and gea
12、r trains DIN 3960, Definitions, parameters and equations for involute cylindrical gears and gear pairs DIN 3961, Tolerances for cylindrical gear teeth Bases DIN 3962-1, Tolerances for cylindrical gear teeth Tolerances for deviations of individual parameters DIN 3962-2, Tolerances for cylindrical gea
13、r teeth Tolerances for tooth trace deviations DIN 3963, Tolerances for cylindrical gear teeth Tolerances for working deviations DIN 3964, Deviations of shaft centre distances and shaft position tolerances of casings for cylindrical gears DIN 3998-1, Denominations on gears and gear pairs General defi
14、nitions DIN 3998-2, Denominations on gears and gear pairs Cylindrical gears and gear pairs DIN 3998-3, Denominations on gears and gear pairs Bevel and hypoid gears and gear pairs DIN 3998-4, Denominations on gears and gear pairs Worm gear pairs DIN ISO 18653:2009-12 4 Gears Evaluation of instruments
15、 for the measurement of individual gears 1 Scope This International Standard specifies methods for the evaluation of measuring instruments used for gear measurements of involute, helix, pitch and runout. It is applicable both to instruments that measure runout directly and to those that compute it f
16、rom index measurements. It also gives recommendations for the evaluation of tooth thickness measuring instruments and, of necessity, includes the estimation of measurement uncertainty with the use of calibrated gear artifacts. It does not address the calibration of artifacts by laboratories accredit
17、ed in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025; nor are its requirements intended as an acceptance specification of product gears (see ISO 1328-1, ISO 1328-2, ISO/TR 10064-1 and ISO/TR 10064-2). The estimation of product gear measurement uncertainty is beyond its scope (see ISO/TR 10064-5 for recommendations).
18、 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 1328-1, Cylindrical g
19、ears ISO system of accuracy Part 1: Definitions and allowable values of deviations relevant to corresponding flanks of gear teeth ISO/TR 10064-3, Cylindrical gears Code of inspection practice Part 3: Recommendations relative to gear blanks, shaft centre distance and parallelism of axes ISO/TR 10064-
20、51), Cylindrical gears Code of inspection practice Part 5: Recommendations relative to evaluation of gear measuring instruments ISO 14253-1, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) Inspection by measurement of workpieces and measuring equipment Part 1: Decision rules for proving conformance or non-
21、conformance with specifications ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories 3 Terms, definitions and symbols For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions and symbols (see Table 1) apply. NOTE 1 The definitions, when applicable
22、, conform to ISO 122-1, ISO 1328-1, ISO 1328-2 and ISO/TR 10064-1. NOTE 2 The terms, definitions and symbols used in this document may differ from those used in other International Standards. The user needs to be certain of fully understanding them, as used here. 1) Under preparation. DIN ISO 18653:
23、2009-12 5 3.1 accuracy closeness of agreement between a measured value and an accepted reference (or calibrated) value 3.2 artifact object of specific shape used to determine the accuracy of measuring devices See Clause 7. 3.3 bias difference between the observed average of measurements and the cali
24、bration value See Figure 1. NOTE Bias can be affected by systematic errors such as linearity or gain and can be different throughout the operating range of the measurement system. Key 1 calibration value 2 observed average 3 bias Figure 1 Bias 3.4 calibration set of operations that establish, under
25、specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system and the corresponding values realized by standards 3.5 gain magnification factor between the input and the output 3.6 helix artifact artifact having a calibrated helix form 3.7
26、 involute artifact calibrated artifact having an involute form determined by a specific base circle DIN ISO 18653:2009-12 6 3.8 measurand particular quantity subject to measurement 3.9 pitch and runout artifact artifact with calibrated index features for pitch or runout or both 3.10 repeatability (o
27、f measurement results) closeness of the agreement between results of successive measurements of the same measurand carried out under the same conditions of measurement 3.11 reproducibility (of measurement results) closeness of the agreement between results of measurements of the same measurand carri
28、ed out under changed conditions of measurement NOTE 1 A valid statement of reproducibility requires specification of the conditions changed. NOTE 2 The changed conditions may include principle of measurement, method of measurement, observer, measuring instrument, reference standard, location, condit
29、ions of use, and time. NOTE 3 Reproducibility may be expressed quantitatively in terms of dispersion characteristics of the results. 3.12 uncertainty (of measurement results) parameter associated with the result of a measurement that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could be reasonabl
30、y attributed to the measurand NOTE 1 The parameter can be, for example, a standard deviation (or a given multiple of it), or the half-width of an interval having a stated level of confidence. NOTE 2 Uncertainty of measurement comprises, in general, many components. Some of these components can be ev
31、aluated from the statistical distribution of the results of a series of measurements and can be characterized by experimental standard deviations. The other components, which also can be characterized by standard deviations, are evaluated from assumed probability distributions based on experience or
32、 other information. NOTE 3 It is understood that the result of the measurement is the best estimate of the value of the measurand, and that all components of uncertainty, including those arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with corrections and reference standards, contribu
33、te to the dispersion. DIN ISO 18653:2009-12 7 Table 1 Symbols Symbol Definition Unit Where first used E Bias m Eq. 1 k Coverage factor Eq. 1 n Number of measurements Eq. 2 U95Measuring uncertainty m Eq. 1 U95cUncertainty estimation m Eq. 4 U95(cal)Measurement uncertainty stated in reference artifact
34、 calibration document m Eq. 3 umStandard uncertainty m Eq. 1 unReference artifact calibration uncertainty m Eq. 1 ugGeometry similarity influence m Eq. 1 uwWorkpiece characteristic influence m Eq. 1 XiIndividual measured value of parameter calibrated m Eq. 2 X Mean of measured values m Eq. 2 4 Appli
35、cation 4.1 General The purpose of the tests prescribed in this standard is to estimate measurement uncertainty. It has been assumed that the gear-measuring instrument has been installed on site and a series of acceptance tests have been completed successfully. Prescribed tests may serve as interim c
36、hecks to verify the measurement process. The measurement and evaluation procedures may be used as part of acceptance tests for a new gear-measuring instrument, with prior agreement between customer and supplier. In this situation it is recommended that a series of traceably calibrated gear artifacts
37、 be used to verify the measurement uncertainty at specific points throughout the working volume of the instrument. These measurements should include provision for testing the machine with table loads that represent the weight of product gears being tested. 4.2 Traceability The term traceability impl
38、ies an unbroken calibration chain from measurements taken on shop floor inspection instruments to the primary artifacts at a national laboratory, see Figure 2. Traceability is transferred by calibrated gear artifacts. The primary laboratory has the lowest uncertainty, and uncertainty increases at ea
39、ch level as the traceability chain is transferred to shop floor measuring instruments. Minimizing the steps from the primary laboratory to a shop floor measuring instrument will reduce the measurement uncertainty. 4.3 Artifacts The gear artifacts used for these tests shall be of similar size and geo
40、metry to product gears inspected on the measuring instrument. Artifacts shall be used to evaluate the accuracy of each parameter inspected: helix (lead), profile, pitch, runout and tooth thickness. Specific artifact requirements are given in Clause 7. DIN ISO 18653:2009-12 8 4.4 Measurement uncertai
41、nty Conventional practice recommends the uncertainty of a measurement process be less than 10 % of the parameter tolerance measured, to ensure that the reliable interpretation of the measurement results is possible. However, this is not technically achievable when inspecting high accuracy gears. For
42、 example, in gears with tolerances better than 10 m, the best achievable uncertainty may be only 20 to 30 %. To determine the uncertainty, see Clause 8 and ISO/TR 10064-5. Recommendations for allowable measurement uncertainty are made in ISO/TR 10064-5. Figure 2 Hierarchy of calibration 4.5 Sources
43、of uncertainty The verification of measurement uncertainty shall include, but not be limited to, the assessment of the principal contributions to uncertainty in gear measurement as follows: artifact data; calibration data; repeatability of the instrument; reproducibility of the instrument; probe sys
44、tem filtering, damping and dynamic response, and accuracy; environmental influence, including temperature, vibration; mechanical alignment; DIN ISO 18653:2009-12 9 runout and mounting error measurement; servo control system; evaluation software; operator. Refer to ISO/TS 14253-2 for further informat
45、ion on this subject. 4.6 Evaluation interval The user shall establish the interval for evaluation of the measurement process. It is also recommended that interim tests be performed on a designated artifact. Data produced by the interim tests on calibrated gear artifacts can be used for measurement u
46、ncertainty. 5 Condition of the measurement system 5.1 System characteristics Several characteristics of the measuring instrument and readout system should be checked or verified before proceeding with artifact measurement. 5.2 Suitability for calibration The instrument should be suitable for calibra
47、tion and representative of the normal operating conditions. 5.2.1 Instrument alignment When the instrument manufacturer provides procedural checks for verification of alignments, these checks shall be made on a regular basis. Instrument alignment includes such things as runout of centres, whether th
48、e centres are coaxial, parallelism of centre axis to instrument ways, squareness of ways, etc. See ISO/TR 10064-5. 5.2.2 Readout condition Meter movements and chart recorders should be checked to the manufacturers specifications such as magnification, linearity, lost motion, and frequency response.
49、See ISO/TR 10064-5. 5.3 Table load considerations Instruments that are used to check very large gears (above 1 m) may deflect or change shape under the weight of the part being tested. This will cause deviations in measurement. Such instruments should be calibrated with a simulated load on the table. Gears with significant inertial mass can also cause measurement deviations. The effects of driving methods such as centre size, friction characteristics, live or dead centres, etc. shoul
