1、September 2015Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 8No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).IC
2、S 37.040.20!%E b) the standard has been editorially revised. Previous editions DIN 15556: 1958-01, 1972-08, 1981-03, 1986-04 DIN ISO 18928: 2004-10 DIN ISO 18928:2015-093National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography DIN ISO 18906, Imaging materials Photographic films Specifications for safety film DI
3、N ISO 18928:2015-094IntroductionInternational Standards have been written specifying the recommended practices for the storage of processed safety photographic film (ISO 18911), processed photographic reflection prints (ISO 18920), processed photographic plates (ISO 18918), and the specifications fo
4、r safety film (ISO 18906).This International Standard is concerned with the storage of unprocessed photographic materials. While many of the recommendations for unprocessed and processed storage are very similar, there are some important differences. These include the very beneficial effects of low
5、temperature and the harmful effects of adverse storage and radiation.Imaging materials Unprocessed photographic films and papers Storage practices DIN ISO 18928:2015-0951 ScopeThis International Standard specifies recommended storage conditions for unprocessed photographic materials. It is not appli
6、cable to processed films and prints.This International Standard is applicable to black-and-white and colour photographic materials (negative films, positive films, reversal films, positive papers, and X-ray films), as well as to safety films.2 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document,
7、the following terms and definitions apply.2.1raw photographic materialphotographic material that has not been exposed to actinic radiation and has not been processed3 Storage conditions3.1 GeneralThe photographic properties of imaging materials change during ageing. These changes result from high te
8、mperatures and high relative humidities and may also be influenced by plastics, papers, solvents, lacquers, varnishes, gases (see 3.4), and extraneous radiation (see 3.5). Frequent temperature changes may also have adverse effects.Changes caused by unfavourable storage conditions may be much greater
9、 than those due to variations in original manufacture. It is important to comply with the manufacturers recommended storage conditions and, where given, to an expiration date.Films and papers should be exposed and processed as soon as possible after the original package has been opened. Opened packa
10、ges should be resealed under recommended conditions for further storage.3.2 Relative humidityPhotographic material should generally be kept in equilibrium with 40 % to 60 % relative humidity (RH). Containers shall be kept sealed until the material is used.Films and papers are not usually stored for
11、long periods between exposing and processing. Production schedules, customer needs, latent image fading or growth, etc., are important factors here. Furthermore, vesicular, diazo, thermally processed silver, and electrographic type materials are normally processed immediately.If conventional sheet f
12、ilms or papers are not to be processed immediately, they may be stored in commercially available light-tight “paper safes” or in the manufacturers original container.The relative humidity of the storage area shall be maintained below 65 % because higher humidities can damage containers (e.g. rust),
13、cause labels, tapes and cartons to deteriorate, and encourage the growth of fungi. It can also induce adhesion (blocking) between adjacent laps or layers.Humidities below 30 % can make film and paper temporarily brittle and lead to unacceptable curl and possible emulsion cracking.DIN ISO 18928:2015-
14、0963.3 TemperatureRecommended temperatures during storage depend on the kind of photographic material and on the duration of storage. General guidelines are given in Table 1. In all cases, the information provided by the manufacturer shall be followed.When storing for less than a month, photographic
15、 materials may be kept at approximately 25 C. Most manufacturers recommend a maximum temperature of 13 C for longer periods. Manufacturers expiration dates can be extended by storing at still lower temperatures. Note that infrared-sensitive films shall be stored at 18 C.If films or papers are to be
16、kept for several days or more between exposing and processing, many of the considerations in Clause 3 apply. Storage temperatures should be the same for exposed as for unexposed material.Table 1 Storage temperature for films and papersSensitive layer of films and papersStorage from 1 month to 6 mont
17、hsStorage for more than 6 monthsWet-processable silver-gelatin Thermally-processable silver Photoplastic DiazoBelow 21 CBelow 13 CChromogenic colour Below 13 CBelow 13 CInfrared (IR) 18 C to 20 C18 C to 20 CNOTE 1 For very long storage of all types of photographic materials, the recommended storage
18、temperature shall be between 18 C and 20 C.NOTE 2 The manufacturers recommendations take precedence over the suggested guidelines of this table.3.4 GasesStorage rooms shall be protected against harmful gases such as hydrogen sulphide, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde, oxidizing gases, industrial emissio
19、ns, and mercury vapour. Any of these may penetrate the container seal and fog or desensitize the material.Materials shall not be stored in the same area as developer or activator solution.3.5 Extraneous radiationsPhotographic materials shall be protected from extraneous penetrating radiation until t
20、hey are processed. Storage rooms and housings shall be measured for their radiation level before being used. For most materials, a maximum of 1,29 104C/kg is recommended. However, the maximum may be 0,129 104C/kg for X-ray materials and certain other films (see5in the Bibliography).Some stones or st
21、one aggregates in concrete can emit sufficient radiation (average up to 0,516 104C/kg/yr) to fog very sensitive films after long storage. However, most films and papers are not damaged under normal conditions.N1) National footnote: In the original ISO 18928:2013, the maximum extraneous radiation is
22、erroneously given as 0,1,29 104 C/kg instead of 0,129 104 C/kg. This has been corrected in this document. N1)DIN ISO 18928:2015-0974 Temperature acclimatizationPackages of radiation sensitive films and papers should be opened only immediately before use. If materials have been stored at low temperat
23、ures, a warm-up period is necessary to prevent condensation on film or paper.The required warm-up period depends on the size of the package, its isolation, the temperature difference between storage and surround, and the dew-point of the surround. Recommended periods are given in Table 2. All values
24、 are for individual packages separated from each other, except for a carton containing 10 35 mm rolls. The length of material on a roll is less important than the thickness and the insulation of the package.Table 2 Minimum recommended warm-up timesFilms and papersWarm-up hours for the difference bet
25、ween storage and surround temperatures15 C40 CShort roll filmsaMagazines Cartridges1 to 1,51 to 2Packages with 50 sheets 23Single 16 mm rolls 0,5 to 1,51 to 2Single 35 mm rolls 1,5 to 33 to 570 mm and 105 mm rolls 3 to 55 to 8Aerial films 2 to 68 to 25Large packages10 to 2515 to 25Large rollsCarton
26、with ten 35 mm rolls 10 to 3030 to 45X-ray films 1025a120-size and 220-size rolls have the same times as the short film rolls.The radiation exposure during airport inspection of carry-on baggage is usually small (see6in the Bibliography). Recently, new technology for inspection of checked baggage at
27、 airports uses radiation that fogs many, if not most, unprocessed photographic products.Government regulations in many countries provide for hand inspection of photographic materials which is strongly recommended, thus avoiding the X-ray inspection. Repeated X-ray exposures can damage films faster t
28、han ISO 400, scientific films, and X-ray films.DIN ISO 18928:2015-0986 Handling conditionsClimatic conditions of 20 C to 24 C and 40 % to 65 % RH are recommended for handling in laboratories. In printing rooms, the RH should not be too low in order to prevent static discharges and attraction of dirt
29、. In these cases, low humidity can also cause curl and temporary dimensional changes so that proper handling is no longer possible.Excessive exposure to recommended safelights may degrade the sensitometry of some products. The manufacturers literature should be consulted for recommended maximum cumu
30、lative exposure.Air-conditioning systems in laboratories should be equipped with suitable dust filters.Care should be taken in the handling of sheets of film or paper to avoid physical damage caused by sliding materials over one another, kinking, or fingerprinting. Use of lint-free cotton gloves is
31、recommended.5 Mechanical requirementsRolls, mounted on cores and packed in specially designed containers, shall be stored with the radius of the roll in the horizontal position, in order to avoid the weight of the roll exerting a pressure on the lower part of the roll and thereby causing physical da
32、mage.If sheet materials are unopened and are 203 mm 250 mm or larger, they should be stored in the vertical position. If the boxes have been opened, they should be stored in the horizontal position. Smaller boxes of sheet materials can be stored in either way.DIN ISO 18928:2015-099Annex A (informati
33、ve) Background radiationA.1 GeneralThe radiation dosage of naturally occurring background radiation is expressed in coulumb per kilogram(C/kg), which is a measure of “exposure” and can be applied to X-rays and -rays.The “gray” (Gy) or micro-gray ( ) is a measure of “dose” due to any ionizing radiati
34、on, so there isno exact equivalence between the two basic units. However, an exposure of 0,002 58 C/kg results ina dose of 8,69 Gy in air, or 1 Gy in air results from a 296,70 104C/kg exposure. Hence, the averagedose of 500 mR per year cited in 3.5 is only appropriate for naturally occurring backgro
35、und radiation.DIN ISO 18928:2015-0910N2) National footnote: In the original ISO 18928:2013, the measure is erroneously given as “Gy (micro-gray)” instead of Gy. This has been corrected in this document. N2)Gy104Bibliography1 ISO 18906, Imaging materials Photographic films Specifications for safety f
36、ilm2 ISO 18911, Imaging materials Processed safety photographic films Storage practices3 ISO 18918, Imaging materials Processed photographic plates Storage practices4 ISO 18920, Imaging materials Reflection prints Storage practices5 Suleiman O.H., Conway B.H., Fewell T.R., Slayton R.J., Rueter F.G.,
37、 Gray J. Radiation protection requirements for medical x-ray film. Med. Phys. 1995, 22 (10) pp. 169116936 Walsh J.M., McCarthy D.J., McIninch V.G. Airport x-rays and camera films, Technical report prepared for the Photographic & Imaging Manufacturers Association, Inc., 550 Mamaroneck Ave, Harrison, NY 10528, October 19937 PIMA technical report entitled The CTX-5000SP and camera films, June 19978 Current information summary, Avoiding X-ray fogging of motion-picture film, Eastman Kodak Company publication, December, 1997DIN ISO 18928:2015-0911
