1、December 2015 English price group 8No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 21.100.10!%JwV“2398451www.din.de
2、DIN ISO 4386-1Plain bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearings Part 1: Non-destructive ultrasonic testing of bond of thickness English translation of DIN ISO 4386-1:2015-12Gleitlager Metallische Verbundgleitlager Teil 1: Zerstrungsfreie Ultraschallprfung der Bindung fr Lagermetall-Schichtdicken 0,5
3、 mm (ISO 4386-1:2012),Englische bersetzung von DIN ISO 4386-1:2015-12Paliers lisses Paliers lisses mtalliques multicouches Partie 1: Contrle non destructif aux ultrasons des dfauts dadhrence dpaisseur Traduction anglaise de DIN ISO 4386-1:2015-12SupersedesDIN ISO 4386-1:1992-11www.beuth.deDocument c
4、omprises 12 pagesDTranslation by DIN-Sprachendienst.In case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.0,5 mm (ISO 4386-1:2012), 0,5 mm (ISO 4386-1:2012),12.15Contents Pageoreword 1 Scope .2 Normative references 3 Symbols 4 Test equipment.4.1 Ultrasonic instrument .4.2
5、Probe 4.3 Reference block 5 Preparation of test surface 6 Testing .6.1 General .6.2 Testing with a back-wall echo 6.3 Testing without a back-wall echo 7 Test classes .8 Defect groups .9 Evaluation .9.1 General 9.2 Marking of defective areas .9.3 Designation .Bibliography .National f 3National Annex
6、NA (informative) Bibliography DIN ISO 4386-1:2015-12 23444445555556991011111210A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This document (ISO 4386-1:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 123 “Plain bearings” methods and testing conditions .”The responsible German body in
7、volved in its preparation was DIN-Normenausschuss Wlz- und Gleitlager (DIN Standards Committee Rolling Bearings and Plain Bearings), Working Committee NA 118-02-02 AA Werkstoffe, Schmierung, Prfung. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject o
8、f patent rights. DIN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. DIN ISO 4386 consists of the following parts, under the general title Plain bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearings: Part 1: Non-destructive ultrasonic testing of bond of thickness 0,5 mm Part 2: De
9、structive testing of bond for bearing metal layer thicknesses 2 mm Part 3: Non-destructive penetrant testing The DIN Standard corresponding to the European Standard referred to in this document is as follows: ISO 4386-3 DIN ISO 4386-3 Amendments This standard differs from DIN ISO 4386-1:1992-11 as f
10、ollows: a) the standard has been technically and editorially revised. Previous editions DIN ISO 4386-1: 1982-10, 1992-11 National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography DIN ISO 4386-3, Plain bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearings Part 3: Non-destructive penetrant testing DIN ISO 4386-1:2015-12 3(S
11、ecretariat: JISC, Japan), Subcommittee SC 2 “Materials and lubricants, their properties, characteristics, test 1 ScopeThis part of ISO 4386 specifies an ultrasonic testing method for determining bond defects between the bearing metal and the backing. The test can be performed on metallic multilayer
12、plain bearings consisting of steel- or copper-based material backings lined with bearing metal based on lead and tin, with layer thicknesses greater than or equal to 0,5 mm. For cast iron backings, this part of ISO 4386 is applicable with restrictions.The ultrasonic signal reflected by the bond inte
13、rface between the bearing metal and the backing is used to determine bonding defects.Ultrasonic testing is not possible on edge zones of sliding surface, flange sides, joint areas, oil holes, grooves, etc. in a range of less than half the diameter of the ultrasonic probe because of undefined reflect
14、ions. The same applies to bearings with dovetail keying grooves at the bond. Ultrasonic testing of bond does not apply along the edges of the dovetails.Evaluation of the bond on the visible transition from the backing to the bearing metal (on end faces or joint faces) is only practicable by the pene
15、trant testing method specified in ISO 4386-3.This part of ISO 4386 only describes in detail the pulse-echo method. Within the meaning of this part of ISO 4386, the ultrasonic method only permits a qualitative evaluation of the bonding and not a quantitative determination of the bond strength. The ul
16、trasonic bond test differs only between bond and bond defect.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the la
17、test edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 4386-3, Plain bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearings Part 3: Non-destructive penetrant testing3 SymbolsThe following symbol is used in this part of ISO 4386.Ra Surface roughness4 Test equipment4.1 Ultrasonic instrume
18、ntPulse-echo ultrasonic instrument using rectified A-scope presentation shall be used for the test. The instrument shall be fitted with a calibrated attenuator, reading in decibels, and adjustable time base ranges.Plain bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearings Part 1: Non-destructive ultrasonic t
19、esting of bond of thickness greater than or equal to 0,5 mm DIN ISO 4386-1:2015-12 4 4.2 ProbeFor the standard procedure, normal beam probes shall be chosen with size and frequency in relation to the thickness of the bearing layer, backing thickness and backing material. The typical range of diamete
20、rs is from 24 mm for 2 MHz to 6 mm for 10 MHz probes. For layer thickness 1 mm, testing with dual-element probes may be favourable.4.3 Reference blockThe time base range shall be adjusted, using a reference block corresponding to the thicknesses of the bearing to be inspected.5 Preparation of test s
21、urfaceThe test surface shall have a surface roughness of Ra 5 m. After machining, remove dirt and oil using suitable cleaning agents.6 Testing6.1 GeneralTest plain bearings using either contact scanning, with light machine oil as a couplant, or using immersion scanning. Suppression and swept-gain fu
22、nctions shall be switched off. The preferred test is performed from the bearing metal side under consideration of the back-wall echo. Bearings with smaller diameters can be difficult to inspect by contact scanning from the bearing metal side because of limited access of the ultrasonic probe. In such
23、 a case, contact scanning from the back surface may be used.6.2 Testing with a back-wall echoGeneral preconditions are:a) free access with the probe to the contact surface;b) back-wall is always parallel to the bearing metal surface;c) no hollow spaces within the backing material (drilled holes, cha
24、nnels, etc.).The time base range and sensitivity shall be adjusted so that at least the first back-wall echo is visible on the right-hand side of the screen at approximately 80 % of full screen height. In Figure 1, the bond echo (BE) is on the left-hand side of the screen near the input signal (IS).
25、 If in doubt about having the first back-wall echo (WE1) on the screen, use a reference block for adjustment.Bond defect is given when the back-wall echo breaks down and at the same time, the bond echo on the left-hand side of the screen increases and repeats multiple times (see Figure 1). The borde
26、r of the detected defect area is on the middle of the probe diameter when the back-wall echo is reduced to its half height under the above-mentioned conditions.DIN ISO 4386-1:2015-12 5 a) Bondb) Defective bondKeyBE bond echoIS input signalWE1first back-wall echoFigure 1 Testing with a back-wall echo
27、6.3 Testing without a back-wall echoIf the preconditions of 6.2 are not fulfilled, testing without back-wall echo becomes necessary.Use a reference piece with good bond between similar backing material and similar bearing metal lining as the tested bearing. Adjust the reference bond echo to 20 % of
28、full screen height; see Figure 2.DIN ISO 4386-1:2015-12 6 Bond is given when the echo signal of the tested plain bearing is similar to the adjusted reference bond echo; see Figure 3.Defective bond is given when the bond echo on the plain bearing is significant above the reference bond height; see Fi
29、gure 4.Key1 reference block2 test objectIS input signalRE reference echoFigure 2 Testing without a back-wall echo Display and adjustment of reference echoDIN ISO 4386-1:2015-12 7 Key1 reference block2 test objectIS input signalBE bond echoFigure 3 Testing without a back-wall echo Display of bondDIN
30、ISO 4386-1:2015-12 8 Key1 reference block2 test objectIS input signalBE bond echoFigure 4 Testing without a back-wall echo Display of bond defect7 Test classesThe test shall be carried out in accordance with one of the following three classes, which are of increasing severity. Class 1: complete cove
31、rage of the testable area of the edge zones of the sliding surface at flange sides and joint areas; point-type coverage of the sliding surface. Class 2: complete coverage of the testable area of the edge zones of the sliding surface at flange sides and joint areas. In addition, complete coverage of
32、the area of maximum loading (for example, in the case of a radial bearing with a bearing force acting vertically downwards, this would be in the range from 60 to 120 with respect to the sliding surface). Class 3: complete coverage of the testable area of the flange areas and sliding surface line-by-
33、line. In order to cover all points, testing is carried out with an overlap of the lines of 20 % of the probe diameter.8 Defect groupsAs a guideline, Table 1 shows five different defect groups. The applicable defect groups shall be agreed between the customer and supplier in advance. It is recommende
34、d to define different defect groups for different regions of a bearing, depending on the kind, size and direction of the load (for example, defect group A for the high-loaded region and defect group B1 for the remaining regions of a journal bearing). Generally, defect group A should be reserved for
35、high-loaded bearings and therefore the area of maximal loading.DIN ISO 4386-1:2015-12 9 Table 1 Defect groupsDefect groupMax. dimension of sin-gle defectsMax. total defectmm2Percentage of bonding areaa, %A 0 0B1 0,75bb1B2 2bb1C 2bb2D 4bb5aThe bonding area is the lined area of a journal bearing or a
36、thrust plain bearing element.bThe width, b, in millimetres, represents in case of journal bearing, the functional cylindrical length and in the case of thrust segments or rings, the distance between the inner and outer diameter. The summary of single defects may not exceed the maximum total defect s
37、ize.9 Evaluation9.1 GeneralThe tests should be carried out by operators educated for ultrasonic testing.When evaluating the test results in accordance with this part of ISO 4386, bond defects equal to or larger than half the probe diameter are normally estimated.In case of any irregularities on bond
38、 surface of a bearing backing, the relevant area shall be collected and documented in the drawing before lining with bearing metal. This avoids misinterpretation during ultrasonic testing as a bond defect.If the bond echo signal becomes diffuse and missing scanning contact can be excluded, this indi
39、cates porosities within the bearing metal. Such areas of porosity shall be regarded as defects due to the uncertainty of evaluation of the bond.For inspection of the bearing, the following steps shall be considered.a) After local repair work by a soldering procedure, the bond test shall be repeated
40、in the respective area.On edge zones, the visible transition from the backing to the bearing metal shall be checked in accordance with non-destructive penetrant testing specified in ISO 4386-3.b) Evaluation of defect distribution:detected bond defects on new lined bearings give additional informatio
41、n depending on its location and distribution:1) single bond defects in the flange side edge zone or in the corner between flange side - joint side: these defects are typically based on local temperature losses during the casting procedure. Usually these defects can be repaired by soldering procedure
42、 without any quality reduction;2) single bond defects on sliding surface: if repair work by soldering can be carried out, successful sufficient bond strength is given and no quality reduction is given;3) many bond defects distributed on sliding surface: many detected bond defects distributed on the
43、total sliding surface and growing defects during the soldering procedure are indicators for low bond strength at all. Complete renewal of bearing metal lining is recommended.DIN ISO 4386-1:2015-12 10 9.2 Marking of defective areasIf possible, defective areas should be indicated by straight boundary
44、lines. The location of the centre of the probe is decisive for determining the transition line between bond and no bond.Isolated point-type defects shall be marked with a value equal to half the probe diameter.If the distance between two or more defects is less than one tenth of the bearing width, b
45、, these defects shall be regarded as one continuous defect.9.3 DesignationWith reference to this part of ISO 4386, the test class and the defect group shall be indicated as follows.EXAMPLE Test Class 2, defect group B1 is designated as follows: Test ISO 4386-1- 2 B1DIN ISO 4386-1:2015-12 11 Bibliography1 ISO 6280, Plain bearings Requirements on backings for thick-walled multilayer bearingsDIN ISO 4386-1:2015-12 12
