1、 Reference number ECMA-123:2010 Ecma International 2010 ECMA-328 6th Edition / December 2013 Determination of Chemical Emission Rates from Electronic Equipment Ecma International 2013 COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT i Ecma International 2013 Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 Conformance . 1 3 Normative referen
2、ces 2 4 Terms and definitions . 2 5 Symbols and abbreviated terms 5 5.1 Abbreviated terms . 5 5.2 Symbols 6 6 Method overview . 7 7 ETC requirements 9 7.1 Construction materials . 9 7.2 Air tightness. 9 7.3 Air mixing efficiency . 9 8 Determination method 9 8.1 Test conditions 9 8.1.1 Operating temp
3、erature and relative humidity (rH) . 9 8.1.2 Air exchange rate (n). 9 8.1.3 Air velocity . 9 8.1.4 Sampled air flow 9 8.2 Handling of EUT and ETC . 9 8.2.1 ETC purging . 10 8.2.2 Background concentrations (Cbg) 10 8.2.3 EUT unpacking 10 8.2.4 Preparation of the EUT before testing. 10 8.2.5 EUT insta
4、llation . 11 8.2.6 EUT operation during test 12 8.3 VOC, carbonyl compounds 13 8.3.1 Sorbents . 13 8.3.2 Sample collection 13 8.3.3 Emission rate calculation . 14 8.4 Ozone 15 8.4.1 Analyser and sampling line requirements 16 8.4.2 Monitoring 16 8.4.3 Emission rate calculation . 17 8.5 Particulate ma
5、tter 17 8.5.1 Weighing and Filter conditioning 18 8.5.2 Sampling 18 8.5.3 Emission rate calculation . 18 8.6 Fine and Ultrafine Particles (FP and UFP) 19 8.6.1 General Requirements for Aerosol Measuring Systems (AMS) . 20 8.6.2 Measurement . 22 8.6.3 Calculation . 22 9 Test report 25 Annex A (normat
6、ive) Print Patterns 29 A.1 Monochrome print pattern 5% coverage. 29 A.2 Colour print pattern, 20% coverage. 31 Annex B (normative) Preparatory AMS Test Procedures . 33 B.1 Procedures for operational readiness of AMS . 33 ii Ecma International 2013 B.1.1 Particle size concentration range measurements
7、33 B.1.2 Particle number concentration range measurements .33 B.2 Procedures for Operational readiness test of Fast AMS .34 B.2.1 Set up of instrument 34 B.2.2 Zero Check .35 B.2.3 Preparation for measurement.35 B.3 Procedures for Operational readiness test of CPC36 B.3.1 Preparation .36 Annex C (in
8、formative) Emission rate model for EUT using consumables 39 C.1 Objective .39 C.2 Approach 39 C.3 General mass balance and concentration equations 39 C.4 Background SER40 C.5 Emission during pre-operating phase .40 C.6 Emission during operating phase41 C.7 Emission during post-operating phase .43 C.
9、8 Special cases .44 C.9 Model for RAL-UZ 171 Option.45 Bibliography 48 iii Ecma International 2013 Introduction Globally, governmental agencies, academic institutions, environmental organizations and manufacturers have developed methods to determine chemical emissions from electronic equipment. Thes
10、e attempts however, resulted in a range of tests from which the results are not necessarily comparable, either qualitatively or quantitatively. Following the publications of the 1st edition of ECMA-328 and the “Test method for the determination of emissions from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-UZ 122), expe
11、rts from the BAM and Ecma have collaborated to harmonise methods to determine the chemical emission rates from ICT 2. Tested in a controlled ETC as specified in Clause 7; 3. Sampled/monitored and calculated as specified in Clause 8 and Annex B; 2 Ecma International 2013 4. Reported as specified in C
12、lause 9. For EUT using consumables, determinations according to additional requirements identified by “RAL-UZ 171 Option” herein conform to the RAL-UZ 171 Option. 3 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, o
13、nly the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ECMA-74, Measurement of Airborne Noise emitted by Information Technology and Telecommunications Equipment ISO 554:1976, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/o
14、r testing Specifications ISO 13655:1996, Graphic technology Spectral Measurements and colorimetric computation for graphic arts images ISO 16000-3:2001, Indoor air Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds Active sampling method ISO 16000-6:2004, Indoor air Part 6: Determina
15、tion of volatile organic compounds in indoor and chamber air by active sampling on TENAX TA sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MS/FID ISO 16000-9:2006, Indoor air Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing Emission
16、test chamber method ISO 16017-1:2000, Indoor ambient and workplace air - Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds by sorbent tube / thermal desorption / capillary gas chromatography Part 1: Pumped sampling EN 55013:2001, Sound and Television Broadcast Receivers and associated equipment Ra
17、dio disturbance characteristics Limits and methods for measurement CIE 15:2004, Commission Internationale de lEclairage Colorimetry, 3rd edition 4 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 4.1 Averaged concentration time series simple Moving
18、Average of total particle number concentration (Cp) over 313 seconds 4.2 Averaged ozone concentration time series Simple Moving Average of ozone concentration (Co3) over 805 seconds 4.3 Aerosol suspension of fine solid particles and/or liquid droplets in a gas 3 Ecma International 2013 4.4 Aerosol M
19、easuring System AMS device for measuring the total number concentration of aerosol particles within a size range at a certain frequency 4.5 Air exchange rate n ratio (n) of the volume of clean air brought into the ETC per hour m3/h to the unloaded ETC volume m3 4.6 Air velocity air speed m/s measure
20、d in the unloaded ETC 4.7 Analyte volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbonyl compounds, ozone, particulate matter, fine particles (FP) and ultrafine particles (UFP) 4.8 Condensation Particle Counter CPC AMS capable to measure the total particle number concentration NOTE AMS consist of a flow meter,
21、a particle counting device, a computer and suitable software. An AMS may also be equipped with a particle size classifier. 4.9 Consumables toner, ink, paper and ribbon 4.10 Emission Test Chamber ETC enclosure with controlled operational parameters for testing analyte mass emitted from EUT 4.11 Equip
22、ment Under Test EUT functional and complete ICT or CE equipment from which chemical emission rates are determined 4.12 Fast AMS AMS with integrated particle size classifier 4.13 Fine Particles FP particles with particle size / diameter range between 0.1 m and 2.5 m 4.14 Loading factor ratio of the E
23、UT volume to the volume of the unloaded ETC 4.15 Hard Copy Devices class of EUT using Consumables that includes printers, (Photo)copiers and Multi Functional Devices (MFD) 4 Ecma International 2013 4.16 Maximum usage time before testing MUT ratio between the total number of prints carried out by the
24、 EUT and the printing speed of the EUT. NOTE Maximum usage time is the maximum permitted time of operation before testing in order to consider the EUT as newly manufactured equipment for testing purposes. 4.17 Operating phase phase in which the EUT is performing its intended functions 4.18 Particle
25、tiny piece of solid or liquid matter with defined physical boundaries suspended in a gas 4.19 Particle Emission Rate PER averaged emission rate, i.e. total number of particles in a specified particle size range emitted during the operating phase 4.20 Particle Emission Rate PER(t) time dependent emis
26、sion rate of particles in a specified particle size range after the start of the operating phase 4.21 Particle loss-rate coefficient coefficient describes the loss of particles in a specified particle size range in an ETC 4.22 Particle Size / Particle Diameter measurement category to describe the ph
27、ysical dimension of a particle NOTE The term particle size is often used as a synonym for particle diameter. The particle diameter is used to assign a particle to a particle size class (e.g. UFP). 4.23 Particulate Matter PM quantity of particles measured by gravimetric methods 4.24 Pre-operating pha
28、se phase in which the EUT is connected to an electrical supply before the EUT is able to enter the operating phase NOTE The pre-operating phase can include warming-up and energy saving modes. 4.25 Post-operating phase phase following the operating phase NOTE The post-operating can include energy sav
29、ing modes. 5 Ecma International 2013 4.26 Total Number of Emitted Particles TP calculated total number of particles emitted in a specified particle size range 4.27 Total Particle Number Concentration Cpparticle number concentration in a specified particle size range 4.28 Total Volatile Organic Compo
30、unds TVOC the sum of the concentrations of identified VOC and the concentrations of the converted areas of unidentified peaks using the toluene response factor 4.29 Ultrafine Particles UFP particles with particle diameter less or equal 0.1 m 4.30 Unit specific emission rate SER mass, in micrograms,
31、of a specific analyte emitted per hour NOTE If more than one EUT is placed in the ETC, the determined SER is divided by the number of EUTs to obtain the unit specific emission rate SERu. 4.31 Volatile Organic Compounds VOC compounds that elute between n-hexane and n-hexadecane on an unpolar GC-colum
32、n 5 Symbols and abbreviated terms 5.1 Abbreviated terms AMS Aerosol Measuring System CE Consumer Electronics CPC Condensation Particle Counter DNPH 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine ETC Emission Test Chamber EUT Equipment Under Test FP Fine Particles FID Flame Ionisation Detector GC/MS Gas chromatography/M
33、ass spectrometry ICT Information and Communication Technology 6 Ecma International 2013 MFD Multi Functional Device PTFE Polytetrafluoroethene PVC Polyvinylchloride rH Relative humidity SER Unit Specific Emission Rate PER averaged Particle Emission Rate PER(t) time-dependent Particle Emission Rate T
34、VOC Total Volatile Organic Compounds UFP Ultrafine Particles VOC Volatile Organic Compounds 5.2 Symbols Factor in the exponential particle decay function cm-3 Particle loss-rate coefficient h-1 Cs Average mass concentration g m-3 Cbg Background mass concentration g m-3 C0 Initial mass concentration
35、g m-3 Cpre Average mass concentration during pre-operating phase g m-3 Cope Average mass concentration during operating phase and optionally during post-operating phase g m-3 Cp Total particle number concentration cm- Cp,BG Background particle number concentration cm- Co3 Ozone concentration mg/m3 d
36、 Equivalent Particle Diameter nm Cmax /2 mafter Sample filter mass g after sampling mbefore Sample filter mass g before sampling mbg Sampled mass for chamber background g mpm Mass of particulate matter g deposited on the filter mref-after Reference filter mass g after sampling mref-before Reference
37、filter mass g before sampling 7 Ecma International 2013 pre ope ms Sampled mass g mpre Sampled mass g during pre-operating phase mope Sampled mass g during operating and optionally post-operating phase n Air exchange rate h-1 p Atmospheric pressure Pa PER Particle Emission Rate h-1 R gas constant Pa
38、K-1, (for ozone: 339.8 PaK-1) SERbg Background SER g h-1 SERope SER during operating and optionally post-operating phase g h-1 SERO3 SER for ozone g min-1 SERpm SER for particulate matter g h-1 SERpre SER during pre-operating g h-1 SERu SER per unit g h-1 u-1 T Ambient temperature K TP Total Number
39、of Emitted Particles tope Operating phase duration h tG Sampling time during operating and optionally post-operating phase h tstart point in time marking the start of operating phase tstop point in time marking the end of particle emission tpre Pre-operating phase duration h t Time-resolution of the
40、 UFP measurement s u Number of EUTs units V ETC volume m3 Vs Sampled air volume m3 Vbg Sampled air volume m3 for determination of CbgV Sampled air volume m3 in pre-operating phase V Sampled air volume m3 in operating and optionally post-operating phase 6 Method overview The flowchart in Figure 1 ill
41、ustrates the method; clause numbers are indicated in brackets. lm:_,t;tll ,r.nnnc(l ( ) I ?.,_,“ im -, _, _ ur “ “i-“ - (- I Ieecma-IN ERNAT ( nl!rl :a) l l De!li!IT“iLtiIIS.s-ol as! CMItU!f 1vJ.o -;ulrl u;nrArt.m-.- (A?) QtbnE.Iy niItI!Ufl (3 2.5)101“c:c;“.c. , . _, .-“ . tr; rm i)fl!,“-No pr-p;r-t
42、 bl “mpltJ r IP“elli.lirU.tmllll Em 11d.X1Q l flttl l=ri$-“in r.11t“- Ctrio.lliQ“I !f: 101: :tl!TCt:I “UIt)(lf (a. .e.a.: : (1J10 t1Hi Cf Pflril :S:!3 (3 2.ti 8ti)! irlhMt 85%) on the ETC walls invalidates the test. For this class of EUT, VOC and carbonyl compounds as specified in 8.3; ozone as spec
43、ified in 8.4; particulate matter as specified in 8.5 and FP and UFP as specified in 8.6 shall be determined while the EUT being controlled from outside the ETC. 8.2.6.2.1 Pre-operating phase To enter the pre-operating phase, the EUT shall be powered-on and remain in this phase between 1 and 4 air ex
44、changes. For the determination of FP and UFP as specified in 8.6, particle counting shall be started from the start of the pre-operating phase because particle emission is observed for some EUTs soon after they are powered-on. 8.2.6.2.2 Operating phase The Hard Copy Device class of EUT shall operate
45、 at nominal speed. Operating may include colour-, and/or dual sides printing. The monochrome and colour print patterns specified in Annex A.1 and A.2 respectively shall be used for EUT using paper consumables. Enter the operating phase by starting copying or printing. The output of the first printed
46、 page marks the start of the operating phase. It ends with the output of the last printed page. In conjunction with other parameters such as n, ETC volume and the use of a post-operating phase, the duration shall be such that quantitative analysis is ensured. The duration of the operating phase shal
47、l be planned as follows: First priority: The duration shall be at least 10 minutes. Second priority: If 10 minutes duration is technically not feasible the operational phase shall be as long as possible. The number of printed pages should not fall below 150. The maximum duration possible and the number of printed pages have to be checked prior to testing and have to be documented in the test protocol. 8.2.6.2.3 Post-operating phase The post-operating phase starts when the operating phase ends, and may last up to four air exchanges. 1 E
