1、THE ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USERS ASSOCIATION GUIDE FOR THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTON AND USE OF MOUNDED HORIZONTAL CYLINDRICAL STEEL VESSELS FOR PRESSURISED STORAGE OF LPG AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES PUBLICATON No. 190 : 2000 (Reprinted 2005 incorporating Errata dated Oct 2003, Amendments No 1 da
2、ted Nov 2004, and further amendments) THE ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USERS ASSOCIATION GUIDE FOR THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTON AND USE OF MOUNDED HORIZONTAL CYLINDRICAL STEEL VESSELS FOR PRESSURISED STORAGE OF LPG AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES PUBLICATON No. 190 : 2000 (Reprinted 2005 incorporating Err
3、ata dated Oct. 2003, Amendments No 1 dated Nov 2004, and further amendments) Copyright 2000 The Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association ISBN 085931 071 X 3rdFloor, 20 Long Lane London EC1A 9HL Telephone : +44 (0) 20 7796 1293 Fax : +44 (0) 20 7796 1294 Email : saleseemua.orgWebsite : w
4、ww.eemua.orgTHE ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USERS ASSOCIATION The Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association (EEMUA) was formed in 1983 by the Amalgamation of the Oil Companies Materials Association (OCMA) and the Engineering Equipment Users Association (EEUA). It is an organisati
5、on of substantial purchasers and users of engineering products, whose members include leading national and multinational companies in the petroleum, gas, chemical and energy industries, and engineering contractors that act on behalf of those companies as their main agents. EEMUA is concerned with th
6、e design, installation, operation and maintenance of the engineering plant used by members in pursuing their business activities. The Association aims to reduce members costs by providing the opportunity for them to share resources and expertise in order to keep abreast of technological developments
7、 and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of their engineering activities. EEMUA supports the British Standards Institution, works with other institutions, associations, government departments, regulatory authorities and the Confederation of British Industry, and is also actively involved with o
8、ther standards-making bodies, both national and international, such as the American Petroleum Institute. EEMUA work is carried out in-house by members or with the help of other organisations, and may lead to the production of Association publications. These are prepared primarily for members use, bu
9、t are usually offered for sale and thus for more general use. Such publications may also be submitted, normally through the British Standards Institution, as bases for appropriate national, European or international standards. Members of EEMUA include: ABB Engineering Services, Associated Octel, Ast
10、raZeneca, BASF, BP, ChevronTexaco, ConocoPhillips, Dow Corning, E.ON UK, ExxonMobil, Foster Wheeler Energy, Huntsman, Hydro, Johnson Matthey, Royal Vopak, RWE Npower, Shell, Syngenta and Total iiiii ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION: LEGAL ASPECTS In order to ensure that nothing in this publication can in any
11、manner offend against or be affected by the provisions of the Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1976, the recommendations which it contains will not take effect until the day following that on which its particulars are furnished to the Office of Fair Trading. As the subject dealt with seems likely to
12、be of wide interest, this publication is also being made available for sale to non-members of the Association. Any person who encounters an inaccuracy or ambiguity when making use of this publication is asked to notify EEMUA without delay so that the matter can be investigated and appropriate action
13、 taken. It has been assumed in the preparation of this publication that the user will ensure selection of those parts of its contents appropriate to the intended application, and that such selection and application are correctly carried out by appropriately qualified and competent persons for whose
14、guidance the publication has been prepared. EEMUA does not, and indeed cannot, make any representation or give any warranty or guarantee in connection with material contained in its publications, and expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for damage or loss resulting from their use. Any
15、 recommendations contained herein are based on the most authoritative information available at the time of writing and on good engineering practice, but it is essential for the user to take account of pertinent subsequent developments and/or legislation. All rights are reserved. No part of this publ
16、ication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other. Infringement of copyright is not only illegal, but also reduces the Associations income thereby jeopardising its ability to fund the producti
17、on of future publications. Amendments All amendments to this and other EEMUA publications will be placed on our website: www.eemua.co.uk/publications/amendments.htm. iv CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 1 1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE.2 1.1 INTRODUCTION2 1.2 SCOPE.2 1.3 DEFINITIONS 2 1.4 GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF
18、 THE PURCHASER .3 1.5 PROJECT PLANNING 3 2 TYPES OF STORAGE VESSEL.4 2.1 SELECTION OF STORAGE VESSEL TYPE.4 2.2 MOUNDED STORAGE 4 3 FOUNDATION AND EARTH MOUND6 3.1 INFORMATION REQUIRED BY THE CONTRACTOR6 3.2 SOIL INVESTIGATION 6 3.2.1 Fieldwork 6 3.2.2 Laboratory Work.7 3.2.2.1 Classification Tests
19、.8 3.2.2.2 Other Tests.8 3.2.3 Reporting8 3.3 TYPES OF FOUNDATION.9 3.3.1 Soil Bearing FoundationS.9 3.3.2 Sandbed on Piled Concrete Slab .10 3.3.3 Vessels on Saddles10 3.4 SETTLEMENT OF SOIL BEARING FOUNDATIONS10 3.4.1 Immediate Settlements.10 3.4.2 Long-term Settlements .10 3.4.3 Total and Differe
20、ntial Settlements 11 3.5 SETTLEMENT MONITORING .11 3.5.1 Settlement Monitoring During Preloading.11 3.5.2 Settlement Monitoring During Operation 11 3.6 FOUNDATION DESIGN.12 3.6.1 General.12 3.6.2 Operational Phase of Vessel12 3.6.3 Construction Phase of Vessel 12 3.7 MOUND DESIGN.13 3.7.1 Geometry13
21、 3.7.2 External Loads13 3.7.3 Erosion Protection 13 3.8 FOUNDATION AND MOUND MATERIAL .14 3.9 CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATION AND MOUND 14 3.9.1 Foundation14 3.9.2 Mound.15 4 VESSEL 16 4.1 DESIGN .16 4.1.1 General.16 4.1.2 Design Conditions 18 4.1.3 Design Loads18 4.1.3.1 Dead Weight of the Vessel.18 4.1
22、.3.2 Weight of Liquid in the Vessel.18 4.1.3.3 Internal Design Pressure18 v 4.1.3.4 Negative Internal Pressure.20 4.1.3.5 Loads due to the Mound 20 4.1.3.6 Loads due to Uneven Support by the Foundation .20 4.1.3.7 Loads due to Temperature and Internal Pressure Variations .21 4.1.3.8 Loads due to Ear
23、thquake .21 4.1.3.9 Loads due to an External Explosion 21 4.1.4 Load Combinations.22 4.2 MATERIALS.22 4.3 CONSTRUCTION 23 4.3.1 Tolerances23 4.3.2 Stiffeners 23 4.3.3 Welding.23 4.3.4 Heat Treatment.23 4.3.4.1 Pre-heat Treatment .23 4.3.4.2 Post-Weld Heat Treatment.24 4.4 FITTINGS FOR OPERATIONAL PU
24、RPOSES.24 4.4.1 General.24 4.4.2 Fittings for Product Inlet and Outlet24 4.4.3 Piping25 4.4.4 Drainage Facilities25 4.4.5 Manholes25 4.4.6 Sleeves Around Nozzles and Manholes.26 4.4.7 Instrumentation.26 4.4.7.1 General26 4.4.7.2 Level Measuring Instruments26 4.4.7.3 Level Alarms and Ullage Gauges26
25、4.4.7.4 Pressure Indicators and Alarms26 4.4.7.5 Vacuum Relief Valves27 4.4.7.6 Temperature Measuring Devices and Indicators.27 4.4.7.7 Gas Detectors and Explosimeters.27 4.5 CORROSION PROTECTION 27 4.5.1 General.27 4.5.2 Coating .28 4.5.2.1 External Coating .28 4.5.2.2 Glass Fibre Reinforced Bitume
26、n Coating System .28 4.5.2.3 Epoxy or Urethane Coating System 28 4.5.2.4 Coating Application .29 4.5.2.5 Coating Prequalification .29 4.5.2.6 Internal Coating.30 4.5.3 Cathodic Protection 30 4.5.3.1 General30 4.5.3.2 Protection Criteria .30 4.5.3.3 Design .31 4.5.3.3.1 Data to be Provided by Purchas
27、er31 4.5.3.3.2 Soil Resistivity Measurements .31 4.5.3.3.3 Electrical Separation.31 4.5.3.3.4 Choice of Cathodic Protection System32 4.5.3.3.5 Transformer-Rectifiers 32 4.5.3.3.6 Automatic Potential Control .32 4.5.3.3.7 Groundbeds.33 4.5.3.3.8 Monitoring Facilities33 4.5.3.3.9 Cables and Distributi
28、on Boxes.34 4.5.3.3.10 Design Documents .34 4.5.3.4 Installation35 4.5.3.5 Commissioning .35 4.5.3.6 Operation and Maintenance .36 vi 4.5.3.7 Special Design Considerations .36 4.6 LIGHTING PROTECTION37 5 VESSEL: INSPECTION, TESTING AND CERTIFICATION .38 5.1 INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS, PROCEDURES AND ST
29、ANDARDS 38 5.1.1 Procedures and Standards.38 5.1.2 Inspection Prior to Vessel Assembly 38 5.1.3 Inspection During Vessel Assembly .38 5.1.4 Inspection After Vessel Assembly 38 5.2 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TEST 38 5.3 MANUFACTURING REPORT39 5.4 MARKING AND CERTIFICATION .39 6 GUIDELINES FOR IN-SERVICE IN
30、SPECTION .40 6.1 INSPECTION DURING OPERATION40 6.1.1 Vessel.40 6.1.2 Vessel Settlement.40 6.1.3 Mound.40 6.2 TECHNICAL REVIEW40 6.3 RECOMMENDED MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TECHNICAL INTEGRITY REVIEW .41 6.3.1 Recommended Actions Prior to Inspection 41 6.3.2 Recommended Actions Post-inspection.41 6.
31、4 TYPICAL FAILURE MODES42 6.5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PLANING OF INSPECTION42 7 REFERENCES44 7.1 AMERICAN STANDARDS .44 7.2 BRITISH STANDARDS (including transposed ENs)44 7.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS .45 7.4 MISCELLANEOUS CODES AND STANDARDS .45 7.5 RECOMMENDED FURTHER READING.46 8 GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATI
32、ONS47 APPENDIX A: STRESS ANALYSIS OF MOUNDED STORAGE VESSELS49 A.1 INTRODUCTION49 A.2 CIRCUMFERENTIAL BENDING49 A.2.1 Unstiffened Cylinders .49 A.2.2 Stiffened Cylinders .49 A.3 NORMAL FORCES AND SHEAR FORCES50 A.4 CALCULATION METHOD FOR STIFFENED CYLINDERS 50 A.4.1 Nomenclature .50 A.4.2 Loads51 A.
33、4.2.1 Dead Weight (Load 1)51 A.4.2.2 Weight of Liquid Fill (Load 2)52 A.4.2.3 Internal Design Pressure (Load 3) 52 A.4.2.4 Negative Internal Pressure (Load 4)52 A.4.2.5 Pressure Due to Mound (Load 5)53 A.4.2.6 Load due to Uneven Support of the Vessel (Load 6).54 A.4.2.7 Axial Loads due to Changes in
34、 Vessel Length (Load 7) 55 A.4.2.8 Seismic Loads (Load 8) .55 A.4.2.9 External Pressure Caused by Explosion of Gas Clouds (Load 9) .56 A.4.2.10 Supporting Pressure by the Foundation (Load 10)56 A.4.3 Selection of Shell Plate Thickness .57 A.4.4 Bending Moments, Normal Forces and Shear Forces in Stif
35、fening Rings.57 A.4.4.1 General57 A.4.4.2 Bending Monents for 120 Support Angle 58 vii A.4.4.3 Normal Forces for 120 Support Angle 58 A.4.4.4 Shear Forces for 120 Support Angle59 A.4.5 Bending Moments and Forces for 90 Support angle.60 A.4.6 Bending Moments and Forces for 60 Support angle.60 A.4.7 D
36、imensions of Stiffening Rings.60 A.4.8 Secondary Bending Stresses .61 A.4.9 Summary of Stresses .61 A.4.9.1 Stresses in the Shell Plates61 A.4.9.1.1 Circumferential Stresses in the Shell Plates61 A.4.9.1.2 Longitudinal Stresses in the Shell Plates 62 A.4.9.1.3 Shear Stresses in the Shell Plates .62
37、A.4.9.1.4 Stress Intensities in the Shell Plates.63 A.4.9.2 Stresses in the Domed Ends 63 A.4.9.3 Stresses in the Stiffening Rings 63 A.4.9.4 Stresses in the Welds between Stiffening Rings and Shell Plates 64 A.4.9.5 Stability of Stiffening Rings.65 A.4.10 Stability of Stiffening Rings, Eurocode 3 6
38、6 A.4.10.1 General66 A.4.10.2 Local Instability .67 A.4.10.3 In-plane Buckling 67 A.4.10.4 Shear Buckling of the Web.67 A.4.10.5 Flange Induced Buckling68 A.4.10.6 Interaction between Buckling Modes .70 A.5 STRESS AND STABILITY CRITERIA .71 A.5.1 General.71 A.5.2 Shell Plates.72 A.5.3 Domed Ends.72
39、A.5.4 Stiffening Rings 73 A.6 DEFORMATION OF STIFFENING RINGS73 APPENDIX B: TYPICAL DESIGN FEATURES FOR VESSEL, FOUNDATION AND CONNECTIONS 75 B.1 FOUNDATION MODES .75 B.2 MOUND77 B.3 VESSEL CONNECTIONS (CONCEPTUAL)79 B.4 BOTTOM OUTLET WITH INSPECTION TUNNEL (CONCEPTUAL) 80 APPENDIX C: DISTRIBUTION O
40、F SOIL REACTION (SUPPORTING LOAD) 81 APPENDIX D: RECOMMENDED STEEL GRADES .82 APPENDIX E: PROJECT PLANNING.83 APPENDIX F DELETED APPENDIX G: NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING REQUIREMENTS 85 APPENDIX H: MATERIAL HARDNESS TESTING.87 APPENDIX I: SELECTION OF STORAGE SYSTEM89 SUMMARY LIST OF CURRENT EEMUA PUBLIC
41、ATIONS.(End) viii 1 FOREWORD GENERAL Although pressure vessel designers have several codes from which to choose, no standard or guidance document specifically encompassing the design and installation of mounded storage vessels has been generally available. EEMUAs Storage Tanks Technical Committee ha
42、s for some time been aware of this need, and has accordingly developed the present document. The integrity of a pressure vessel depends on both its strength and the adequacy of the supporting foundation or structure. For vessels on earth foundations, with their inherent proneness to settlement, this
43、 aspect is of greater importance than for those more conventionally supported. For this reason, considerable coverage is given in this guide to soil investigation and foundation design. IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT DIRECTIVE thThe European Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) became manda
44、tory on 30 May 2002 following a 2-year transitional period in which compliance was optional. Pressure equipment placed on the market and/or put into service in the European Economic Area (EEA) must now comply with the requirements of that Directive, which has been transposed by individual Member Sta
45、tes into statutory regulations. Switzerland has also adopted the Directive. REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS A listing of documents referred to in the main text and appendices, and recommended literature for further reading are given in Section 7, and a glossary of abbreviations in Section 8. NOTE ON TH
46、E PRESENT (2005) REPRINT This reprint incorporates Errata dated Oct. 2003, Amendments No 1 dated Nov 2004, and further amendments, largely of an editorial nature. Principal changes, including some renumbering of subsections and inclusion of additional headings, are indicated either by sidelines or b
47、y grey highlighting. The changes previously advised in the Errata and Amendments No 1 are not so indicated. Section 6, Guidelines for In-Service Inspection, has been extensively restructured, now incorporating what were previously the latter subsections of Section 5; also, Appendix F, Manufacturing
48、Report, has been deleted as being too rigid in its advice on the layout of a manufacturing report. The appendices have not, however, been renumbered. 2 1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1 INTRODUCTION In the context of the present document, mounded storage is the term given to the pressurised storage at am
49、bient temperatures of liquefied petroleum gases in horizontal cylindrical vessels placed at or just below ground level and completely covered with suitable backfill. Several vessels may be placed side by side under one mound. Mounded storage installations, which have many advantages over alternative designs (see 2.2), may be located in refineries, chemical plants, gas plants, exploration and production facilities and supply/marketing depots. This Guide is applicable to all such locations. 1.2 SCOPE Guidance is provided covering the main requirements for the successful d
