1、 ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USERS ASSOCIATION Double Concrete Tanks for Liquefied Gas Guide to design, construction and operation PUBLICATION 207 Copyright 2009 The Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association A company limited by guarantee. Registered in England. Company number 47
2、7838. ISBN 978 0 85931 152 6 Imprint reference 12-2009 Registered and Trading Address 10-12 Lovat Lane London EC3R 8DN Telephone: +44 (0)20 7621 0011 Fax: +44 (0)20 7621 0022 E-mail: saleseemua.org Website: www.eemua.org EEMUA Publication 207 Double Concrete Tanks for Liquefied Gas EEMUA ii ENGINEER
3、ING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USERS ASSOCIATION The Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association, more commonly known as EEMUA, is a European non-profit membership Association helping companies that own or operate industrial facilities - the users of engineering equipment and materials. EEMUA
4、 aims to improve the safety, environmental and operating performance of industrial facilities in the most cost-effective way, thereby demonstrating and pursuing leadership in asset management. EEMUA Members pursue these aims through collaboration for mutual benefit, sharing engineering experiences a
5、nd expertise and by promoting their distinct interests as the users of engineering products. Specifically, the aims of EEMUA Member companies are achieved by: providing the organisation within which networking, information sharing and collaboration on non-competitive technical matters can take place
6、; influencing the way written regulations are interpreted and applied in practice; presenting and promoting Members views, and encouraging the application of good, sound engineering practices; developing user guides, specifications, training and competency schemes; facilitating Members participation
7、 in national and international standards making; influencing relevant national and European legislation and regulations. Formed in 1949 as the Engineering Equipment Users Association, and re-named in 1983 (as a result of taking over the materials association, OCMA), EEMUA has for more than fifty yea
8、rs given companies that own and operate process plants, power stations and other significant industrial facilities, a collaborative voice in addressing technical and engineering related issues that impact on good integrity management and asset management practices. The Association is open to compani
9、es of all sizes that meet its engineering user criteria. Further details of current Members of EEMUA is available on the Associations website, www.eemua.org. EEMUA activities often lead to the production of publications. These are prepared for Members use and are often offered for sale as well. A li
10、st of EEMUA publications for sale is given at the end of this Publication. The full list is also on the Associations website, including details of on-line shopping facilities. To enquire about corporate Membership, write to enquirieseemua.org or call +44 (0)20 7621 0011. EEMUA Publication 207 Double
11、 Concrete Tanks for Liquefied Gas EEMUA iiiABOUT THIS PUBLICATION Legal Aspects All rights, title and interest in this Publication shall belong to EEMUA. All rights are reserved. No part of this Publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means:
12、electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other, without the express prior written agreement of the EEMUA Executive Director. Infringement of copyright is illegal and also reduces the Associations income thereby jeopardising its ability to fund the production of future publications. It has
13、been assumed in the preparation of this Publication that: the user will ensure selection of those parts of its contents appropriate to the intended application; and that such selection and application will be correctly carried out by appropriately qualified and competent persons for whose guidance t
14、his Publication has been prepared. EEMUA and the individual members of the Work Group that prepared this EEMUA Publication do not, and indeed cannot, make any representation or give any warranty or guarantee in connection with material contained herein. EEMUA and the individual members of the Work G
15、roup that prepared this EEMUA Publication expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for damage or loss resulting from the use or reliance on this Publication. Any recommendations contained herein are based on the most authoritative information available at the time of writing and on current
16、 good engineering practice, but it is essential for the user to take account of pertinent subsequent developments and/or legislation. Any person who encounters an inaccuracy or ambiguity when making use of this Publication is asked to notify EEMUA without delay so that the matter may be investigated
17、 and appropriate action taken. Consultation and Feedback EEMUA encourages constructive comments on this Publication from both Members of the Association and others. Comments should be sent on the standard feedback form, a copy of which is provided towards the end of this Publication. An electronic v
18、ersion of the feedback form is available from EEMUA - e-mail your request for a copy to enquirieseemua.org, telephone your request to +44 (0)20 7621 0011, or download the form from the EEMUA website at www.eemua.org. Submit comments by e-mail (preferred) or post. Comments will be considered by the r
19、elevant EEMUA Technical Committee and may be incorporated in future editions of this Publication. New editions will be publicised on the EEMUA website. EEMUA Publication 207 Double Concrete Tanks for Liquefied Gas EEMUA iv EEMUA Publication 207 Double Concrete Tanks for Liquefied Gas EEMUA v Content
20、s 1. Introduction and Scope 1 2. Qualification . 3 2.1 Introduction 3 2.2 Objectives of the Qualification Roadmap 3 3. Materials 7 3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Concrete . 7 3.3 Shotcrete . 10 3.4 Cementitious Materials . 11 3.5 Aggregates . 11 3.6 Water . 11 3.7 Admixtures . 11 3.8 Fibres. 11 3.9 Reinforc
21、ement . 11 3.10 Post-tensioning Ducts . 13 3.11 Grout . 13 3.12 Insulation . 13 3.13 Metallic Components . 14 3.14 Structural Non-metallic Components . 14 3.15 Coatings . 14 4. Design 17 4.1 Introduction 17 4.2 General Design Requirements 17 4.3 Design Actions . 19 4.4 Foundations 26 4.5 Primary Pre
22、-stressed Concrete Tanks 27 4.6 Secondary Concrete Tank 35 4.7 Insulation Systems 40 4.8 Membranes and Linings 41 4.9 Instrumentation Systems 42 4.10 Electrical Systems 42 4.11 Pressure and Vacuum Relief Systems 44 4.12 Piping Systems 44 4.13 Roof Platforms . 45 5. Construction . 47 5.1 Introduction
23、 47 5.2 Documentation 47 5.3 Work Organisation . 48 5.4 Testing and Quality Control during Construction . 49 5.5 Concrete Construction 52 5.6 Steel Structure 54 5.7 Installation of Insulation . 55 5.8 Mechanical Outfitting 55 6. Inspection and Testing of the Completed Works 57 6.1 Introduction 57 6.
24、2 Objectives 57 EEMUA Publication 207 Double Concrete Tanks for Liquefied Gas EEMUA vi 6.3 Organisation . 58 6.4 Double Concrete Tank without Liner to Primary Tank 58 6.5 Double Concrete Tank with Steel Lined Primary Tank 64 7. Tank Commissioning 69 7.1 Introduction 69 7.2 Status of Tank at Start of
25、 Commissioning 69 7.3 Preparation for Commissioning 70 7.4 Drying of Tank 71 7.5 Purging 72 7.6 Commissioning of the Tank Heating System . 74 7.7 Cool-down 74 7.8 Commissioning of the Submerged Pumps 76 7.9 Completion of Commissioning 76 8. Operations . 77 8.1 Introduction 77 8.2 Prevention of an Ov
26、erfill . 77 8.3 Prevention of Overpressure . 77 8.4 Prevention of Vacuum . 77 8.5 Tank Heating System . 78 8.6 Liquid in Annulus . 78 8.7 Prevention of Rollover 78 8.8 Refilling after Maintenance 78 9. Maintenance . 79 9.1 Introduction 79 9.2 Safety 79 9.3 Maintenance Planning . 79 9.4 Review of Tan
27、k Performance 79 9.5 Foundations 79 9.6 Wall . 81 9.7 Concrete Roof . 81 9.8 Equipment Items . 82 9.9 Inspection Check List and Suggested Inspection Frequency 83 10. Tank Decommissioning . 85 10.1 Introduction 85 10.2 Decommissioning Procedure 88 11. Demolition 95 11.1 Introduction 95 11.2 Responsib
28、ilities of the Owner and Contractor 95 11.3 Documentation and Planning . 96 11.4 Methods of Demolition 97 11.5 Demolition Procedures and Methods 97 12. Definitions and Abbreviations 101 13. References . 103 13.1 Standards, Codes and Directives 103 13.2 EEMUA Publications 107 13.3 References in this
29、Publication . 107 14. Bibliography . 111EEMUA Publication 207 Double Concrete Tanks for Liquefied Gas EEMUA viiTables Table 1 Estimation of dynamic modulus . 8 Table 2 Effectiveness of sieve aperture size . 14 Table 3 Recommended partial action factors for combinations of actions 24 Table 4 Partial
30、factors for materials for ultimate limit states to EN 1992-1-1 . 25 Table 5 Critical damping values 26 Table 6 Differential settlement limits . 27 Table 7 Acceptance criteria for liquid tightness in primary tanks except at SSE . 30 Table 8 Secondary tank allowable stresses in concrete and steel rein
31、forcement for normal conditions . 36 Table 9 Secondary tank principal acceptance criteria under “spill“ conditions 37 Table 10 Tests to metallic vapour barrier elements in secondary tank 60 Table 11 Leak classification and repair criteria 63 Table 12 Tests on steel liners . 65 Table 13 Oxygen concen
32、tration end-points for purging from air 73 Table 14 Minimum temperature reached 73 Table 15 Summary of inspections . 83 Table 16 Combustible gas and points for purging 88 Figures Figure 1 Levels for tank sizing and alarms . 32 Figure 2 Prevention of an overfill 77 EEMUA Publication 207 Double Concre
33、te Tanks for Liquefied Gas EEMUA viiiEEMUA Publication 207 Double Concrete Tanks for Liquefied Gas EEMUA ix Acknowledgements This Publication has been developed by a Work Group consisting of members of the Storage Tanks Technical Committee (STC) of EEMUA. In addition, the STC acknowledges and is gra
34、teful for the help and advice provided by personnel from: Arup; CryoTank (a wholly owned subsidiary of Statoil); Lloyds Register; Technip; Whessoe Oil and Gas Ltd all of whom were also members of the EEMUA STC Work Group. Cover photograph courtesy of NCC Construction AS. Notes for Users of this Publ
35、ication Standards This Publication refers throughout to International, European and British Standards. Standards are prepared to ensure that only proven techniques are used and that materials employed are suitable for the purpose. Through the adoption and use of standards, the requirements for essen
36、tial safety should be met. The use of standards is not a legal requirement in some countries in Europe and around the world. However it is stressed that, where a contract is placed which states that manufacture is to be in accordance with specified standards, then this may be determined as a legal r
37、equirement. Manufacturers or suppliers of equipment may offer equipment not conforming to standards, but, in such cases, they should have to be able to prove that all legislation concerning essential safety has been complied with. This could be a time consuming and expensive task. Users Responsibili
38、ty Users of this Publication should satisfy themselves that the sections of this Publication they are using are relevant to the application being considered, that they are correctly applied and that, to the best of their knowledge, no legislative changes have taken place affecting this Publications
39、content subsequent to the date of publication. Users of this Publication are also referred to the Section on Legal Aspects, page iii. Nomenclature In this Publication, “Section“ refers to a part of this Publication, “Clause“ refers to a part of a third-party document, such as a standard. EEMUA Publi
40、cation 207 Double Concrete Tanks for Liquefied Gas EEMUA x EEMUA Publication 207 Double Concrete Tanks for Liquefied Gas EEMUA 1 1. Introduction and Scope Double concrete storage tanks are a recognised method for storing liquefied natural gas (LNG). However, until recent times they have been rarely
41、used. In the main, tanks have been constructed from 9% nickel steel and the guidance given in EEMUA Publication 147 has been widely used when designing and building these types of tanks. However, the soaring price of 9% nickel steel in the first decade of the 21st century has meant an increasing int
42、erest in the use of double-walled concrete tanks and a number of contractors have started to offer designs to the market place. Research into the use of concrete for liquefied gas applications dates back to the 1950s. Commercial application for LNG storage began in the late 1960s and tanks construct
43、ed then are still in operation today. These tanks were designed and constructed without having established codes and guidelines for concrete in refrigerated conditions. In the intervening years, all tanks have become subject to greater scrutiny and this has, in turn, meant that codified guidance has
44、 been required to ensure that levels of safety and reliability expected today can be properly specified and tested. Interest in concrete tanks has been rekindled following a 25 year hiatus. In part, this has been a response to a perceived need for tanks to be built more swiftly and economically. In
45、recent years, a number of tank designs have been proposed to meet this need. Some of the concrete tank designs now being proposed are direct descendants of the tanks still in service. These generally use concrete for strength and metallic liners to meet liquid tightness requirements (however, unline
46、d tanks have been used for the storage of liquid oxygen). For concrete tank designs, the owner should pay attention to those details that are novel, to the means of ensuring the liner is designed and constructed to work well in refrigerated conditions and to the integrity of the interface between th
47、e concrete and steel elements. Other designs have aimed to exploit further the inherently good performance of concrete at cryogenic temperatures by eliminating metallic liners on the primary container. Codes of practice acknowledge that well-constructed concrete which is maintained in compression ca
48、n be considered liquid tight. However, to ensure that this level of liquid-tightness is delivered, the owner should recognise that more stringent steps should be taken to ensure that good workmanship coupled with a thorough quality assurance and testing regime are provided. Unlined primary container
49、s may not completely prevent small amounts of product reaching the outside surface of the primary container as liquid. In these circumstances, the owner may either decide that the quantities of liquid involved have negligible impact on the reliable operation of the tank or may ask for additional measures to be implemented to reduce permeation. These might include the provision of a stripping pump in the annular space or the introduction of a liner. The adoption of concrete for prima
