1、 Emission reduction from oil storage tanks and loading operations PUBLICATION 213 Edition 1 Released by IHS. NOT FOR RESALE iii THE ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USERS ASSOCIATION Emission reduction from oil storage tanks and loading operations PUBLICATION 213 Edition 1 Copyright 2012 The Engi
2、neering Equipment and Materials Users Association. A company limited by guarantee. Registered in England. Company number 477838. ISBN 0 85931 160 1 Imprint reference 03-2012 Registered and Trading Address 63 Mark Lane London EC3R 7NQ Telephone: +44 (0)20 7488 0801 Fax: +44 (0)20 7488 3499 E-mail: sa
3、leseemua.org Website: www.eemua.org EEMUA 213 - Emission reduction from oil storage tanks and loading operations EEMUA iv ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USERS ASSOCIATION About EEMUA The Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association is usually known by its initials, EEMUA. EEMUA is gove
4、rned by a Council of members. This Council is responsible for the policies, financing, membership, and strategy of the Association. Any organisation that is a substantial user or purchaser of engineering products is eligible to apply to become a member of EEMUA. Membership is subject to the approval
5、 of Council. EEMUA Aims EEMUA aims to improve the safety, environmental and operating performance of industrial facilities in the most cost-effective way, pursuing and promoting leadership in industrial asset management by sharing engineering experiences and expertise, and by the active, enlightened
6、 promotion of the distinct interests of users of engineering products. These aims are achieved by various means, including: Providing the organisation within which networking, information sharing and collaboration among users on non-competitive technical matters can take place Influencing the way wr
7、itten regulations are interpreted and applied in practice Promoting and presenting members views, and encouraging the application of good sound engineering practices Developing user guides, specifications, training and competency schemes Facilitating members participation in national and internation
8、al standards making Influencing relevant national and European legislation and regulation. The income and resources of EEMUA are applied solely towards the promotion of the aims of the Association. No profit is transferred by way of dividend, bonus or otherwise to members. The work of the Associatio
9、n is mainly carried out by members representatives on EEMUA Technical Committees, Working Groups, and Forums, supported by EEMUA staff. Incorporation, Membership and Other Information For the purposes of conducting its business, EEMUA is incorporated in England and Wales as a company, limited by gua
10、rantee, not having share capital. All usual aspects of company management and business administration are dealt with by the EEMUA Executive Director, including policy implementation and leadership of the Executive team (the staff). A list of EEMUA publications for sale is given at the end of this Pu
11、blication. The full list is also on the Associations website, including details of on-line shopping facilities. To enquire about corporate Membership, write to enquirieseemua.org or call +44 (0)20 7488 0801. EEMUA 213 - Emission reduction from oil storage tanks and loading operations EEMUA v ABOUT T
12、HIS PUBLICATION Legal Aspects All rights, title and interest in this Publication belong to EEMUA. All rights are reserved. No part of this Publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other
13、, without the express prior written agreement of the EEMUA Executive Director. Infringement of copyright is illegal and also reduces the Associations income thereby jeopardising its ability to fund the production of future publications. It has been assumed in the preparation of this Publication that
14、: the user ensures selection of those parts of its contents appropriate to the intended application; and that such selection and application is correctly carried out by appropriately qualified and competent persons for whose guidance this Publication has been prepared. EEMUA and the individual membe
15、rs of the Work Group that prepared this EEMUA publication do not, and indeed cannot, make any representation or give any warranty or guarantee in connection with material contained herein. EEMUA and the individual members of the Work Group that prepared this EEMUA publication expressly disclaim any
16、liability or responsibility for damage or loss resulting from the use or reliance on this Publication. Any recommendations contained herein are based on the most authoritative information available at the time of writing and on current good engineering practice, but it is essential for the user to t
17、ake account of pertinent subsequent developments and/or legislation. Any person who encounters an inaccuracy or ambiguity when making use of this Publication is asked to notify EEMUA without delay so that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken. Consultation and Feedback EEMUA en
18、courages constructive comments on this Publication from both Members of the Association and others. Comments should be sent on the standard feedback form, a copy of which is provided towards the end of this Publication. An electronic version of the feedback form is available from EEMUA - e-mail your
19、 request for a copy to enquirieseemua.org, telephone your request to +44 (0)20 7488 0801, or download the form from the EEMUA website at www.eemua.org. Submit comments by e-mail (preferred) or post. Comments are considered by the relevant EEMUA Technical Committees and may be incorporated in future
20、editions of this Publication. New editions are publicised on the EEMUA website. EEMUA 213 - Emission reduction from oil storage tanks and loading operations EEMUA vi EEMUA 213 - Emission reduction from oil storage tanks and loading operations EEMUA vii Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.1.1 No
21、te on Terminology 1 1.2 How to Use this Publication . 1 2. Guidelines for Selection of Types of Conventional Storage Tanks 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.1.1 Fixed Roof Tanks . 6 2.1.2 External Floating Roof Tanks . 7 2.1.3 Combined-tanks 9 2.2 Tank Selection . 10 3. Emission Reduction at the Source . 13 3.
22、1 Introduction 13 3.2 Emission Sources . 14 3.2.1 Design of Tanks 14 3.3 The Influence of Turnover on the Efficiency of Internal Floating Roofs 22 3.4 Pressure/Vacuum Relief Vents . 23 3.5 Sun Screens 25 3.6 Vapour Balance or Vapour Return Systems 27 4. Vapour Treatment Systems . 31 4.1 General 31 4
23、.1.1 Introduction . 31 4.1.2 Cross Media Effects 32 4.2 Treatment/Recovery Techniques 32 4.2.1 Product Recovery Systems 32 4.2.2 Polishing Techniques for VRUs . 40 4.3 Destruction of VOCs . 42 4.3.1 Introduction . 42 4.3.2 Incinerator . 43 4.3.3 Gas Motor 45 4.3.4 CEB-Flare (Clean Enclosed Burner) 4
24、6 5. Evaluation of Emission Reduction Measures 47 Appendix A 49 A1 Performance and Control of Efficiency of Internal Floating Covers 49 A2 Measuring Method for Controlling Working Levels (Efficiency) of IFC and P/V Vent 50 A2.1 Introduction 50 A2.2 Establishing the Vapour Concentration (Caverage) 50
25、 A3 Calculating Routine for Establishing the Efficiency 51 A3.1 Calculation of Theoretical Vapour Concentration (Ccalc) . 51 A3.2 Calculation of Correction Factor (Kt) 52 A3.3 Efficiency of IFC . 52 A4 Calculation Example 52 Appendix B 55 B1 Introduction . 55 B2 Emission Reduction and Performance Co
26、ntrol 55 B3 Evaluation Table . 55 B4 Remarks 57 Appendix C 59 C1 Introduction . 59 C2 Evaluation Table . 59 References 63 EEMUA 213 - Emission reduction from oil storage tanks and loading operations EEMUA viii Figures Figure 1 Applicable different techniques for treatment/removal of VOCs 3 Figure 2
27、A tank constructed in 1900 and still in use (Asia) 6 Figure 3 Vapour relief from a fixed roof tank . 7 Figure 4 Tests with an external floating roof in 1923 by CB&I . 8 Figure 5 Schematic idea of prevention of emissions . 9 Figure 6 Schematic sketch showing wind drag and initiation of a rim seal gap
28、 in a non-covered floating roof tank . 9 Figure 7 Selection of storage tank type based on emission efficiency 11 Figure 8 Different types of internal floating roof 15 Figure 9 Efficiencies of different types of internal floating roofs, equipped with different types of rim seals. 15 Figure 10 Burping
29、 of a single deck floating roof . 17 Figure 11 Variants of Mechanical Shoe Seals 18 Figure 12 Variants of Vapour Mounted Seals 19 Figure 13 Variants of Liquid Mounted Seals 19 Figure 14 Oval Tank, Rim Space 200 (-125|+125) . 20 Figure 15 The effect of the number of turnovers on the efficiency of an
30、Internal Floating Roof 23 Figure 16 Petrol depot without any emission reduction system . 26 Figure 17 Petrol depot with a storage tank provided with sun screens 26 Figure 18 Closed ring chain for loading/unloading of storage tanks 27 Figure 19 Petrol depot without any emission reduction system . 28
31、Figure 20 Petrol depot with vapour return system installed . 28 Figure 21 Petrol depot with a vapour return line system and a storage tank provided with sun screens 29 Figure 22 Typical flow scheme of a membrane filtration system 33 Figure 23 Membrane filtration system without absorbents 33 Figure 2
32、4 Alternative membrane filtration system without absorbents 34 Figure 25 Pressure Swing Adsorption 36 Figure 26 Pressure Swing Adsorption without scrubber liquid . 37 Figure 27 A catalytic oxidation unit 41 Figure 28 A Regenerative Thermal Oxidation Unit 42 Figure 29 Flow scheme with pre-heating of
33、waste gases to be burned 43 Figure 30 Flow scheme with pre-heating of both the combustion air as well as the waste gases to be burned . 44 Figure 31 Flow scheme of burning of waste gases without re-generation of heat 44 Figure 32 A system for reducing natural gas requirements 46 Figure 33 Copy of fi
34、gure C.5 of EN 14015, indicating vent scoops near tank roof/shell connection . 49 Figure 34 Sketch of sampling method of gas mixtures above an IFC 51 EEMUA 213 - Emission reduction from oil storage tanks and loading operations EEMUA ix Tables Table 1 Class categorisation of products 5 Table 2 Flamma
35、bility range: vapour/air mixture of different products . 16 Table 3 Pressure class division by standard . 24 Table 4 Values of maximum temperature fluctuations within which the pressure/vacuum valves do not open 25 Table 5 Emission reduction measures applicable to fixed roof tanks 47 Table 6 Emissio
36、n reduction measures applicable to floating roof tanks 48 Table 7 Emission reduction measures for ship/barge and truck/railcar loading . 48 Table 8 Evaluation Table - IFCs . 56 Table 9 Evaluation Table - Rim Seals 60 EEMUA 213 - Emission reduction from oil storage tanks and loading operations EEMUA
37、x EEMUA 213 - Emission reduction from oil storage tanks and loading operations EEMUA 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope The prevention and control of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from storage tanks containing oil or chemical feedstocks or products is of primary importance, not only for economi
38、c reasons (loss of product) but increasingly to minimize the impact on the environment. National and local authorities are becoming progressively more environmentally conscious, and various countries have introduced, or are introducing, statutory regulations aimed at minimising the risk of such emis
39、sions. The EEMUA Storage Tanks Technical Committee decided that there was a lack of guidance in this area and has therefore developed this Publication to meet that need. In the first sections, this Guide addresses the main theory on how emissions can be minimised by focusing on the source of emissio
40、ns. The theory is valid for most stored products including oil and chemical feedstocks. However, this Publication deals mainly with the storage of hydrocarbons and the consequent emission controls for such storage tanks. Stench, not originating from VOCs but from sulphur components, is not within th
41、e scope of this Publication. EEMUA 213 therefore guides tank owners and operators, manufacturers, designers and specifiers to the most suitable tank type for particular feedstocks based on the true vapour pressure (TVP) of products. It provides background theories on possible solutions to prevent or
42、 reduce emissions from tanks and during loading operations. It also gives guidelines on the treatment of the escaping vapours when the achieved level of emissions does not match the intended level or statutory requirements. It describes: Each vapour treatment system currently available. The system c
43、onfiguration and where possible includes a sketch of the apparatus. The technical aspects of the system. Some requirement for utility connections and capacities. Possible achievements with respect to reduction of dangerous gases. The limitations of each system. 1.1.1 Note on Terminology The term sto
44、red product is used in the text. Stored product refers to whatever oil or chemical is stored in the tank, including feedstocks. 1.2 How to Use this Publication The best solution to prevent and limit emissions to atmosphere of VOCs and vapour from stored products in tanks is to select the best type o
45、f tank for a particular product. The key parameters for such a selection process are the flashpoint and the TVP of a product. Chapter 2 describes how the use and interpretation of these parameters can be the basis for the selection of a suitable storage tank for hydrocarbon products. The sources of
46、emissions from available storage tank types are also described in this Chapter. EEMUA 213 - Emission reduction from oil storage tanks and loading operations EEMUA 2 Chapter 3 deals with emission reduction at the source of the emission. It covers methods and techniques that limit the evaporation of t
47、he stored product. Design features of storage tank components, product parameters, storage and operational conditions are described that influence the build-up of vapours and the subsequent emissions of these vapours to atmosphere. Amongst the described topics are: Design of tanks: - Type of interna
48、l/external floating roof. - Seams in roof panels (welded, bolted, laminated, etc.). - Number and features of penetrations in floating roof. - Type of rim seal (vapour mounted, liquid mounted, mechanical shoe seal). - Type of fixed roof (aluminium dome, steel roof). - Colour of shell, roof etc. - Con
49、necting tank to vapour balancing system. Physical product parameters: - True vapour pressure. Storage conditions: - Storage temperature. - Wind factor. Tank operations: - Landings of floating roofs. - Velocity of product movements. - Mixing operations. Where these measures are considered insufficient, Chapter 4 addresses the reasons that can be used to justify additional mitigating measures to reduce emissions including: Health reasons: toxicity of certain products to people and environmen
