1、BS EN 1006:2009ICS 81.060.30NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDAdvanced technicalceramics Monolithicceramics Guidanceon the selectionof test pieces forthe evaluation ofpropertiesThis British Standard was published under the authority of the Standard
2、s Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2009 BSI 2009ISBN 978 0 580 63847 3Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS EN 1006:2009National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1006:2009. Itsupersedes DD ENV 1006:2003 which is withdrawn.The UK participa
3、tion in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee RPI/13, Advanced technical ceramics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsib
4、le for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.BS EN 1006:2009EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 1006July 2009ICS 81.060.30 Supersedes ENV 1006:2003 English VersionAdvanced technical ceramics - Monolithic ceramics - Guid
5、anceon the selection of test pieces for the evaluation of propertiesCramiques techniques avances - Cramiquesmonolithiques - Guide de slection des prouvettes pourlvaluation des propritsHochleistungskeramik - Monolithische Keramik - Leitliniezur Auswahl von Proben fr die Beurteilung vonEigenschaftenTh
6、is European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 June 2009.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
7、 concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its
8、 own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithua
9、nia, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2009 CEN All
10、 rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1006:2009: EBS EN 1006:2009EN 1006:2009 (E) 2 Contents Foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Terms and definitions . 5 3 Selection of test-pieces 5 3.1 General . 5 3.2 Material homogeneity a
11、nd anisotropy 5 3.3 Test method accuracy 6 3.4 Sampling schemes for individual manufactured items 6 3.5 Sampling attributes of physically large units or blocks of material 7 3.6 Relevant evaluation criteria for ceramic components 8 Annex A (informative) Mechanical proof-testing . 9 Bibliography . 10
12、 BS EN 1006:2009EN 1006:2009 (E) 3Foreword This document (EN 1006:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 184 “Advanced technical ceramics”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an ide
13、ntical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be hel
14、d responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes ENV 1006:2003. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, C
15、zech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. .BS EN 1006:2009EN 1006:2009 (E) 4 Introdu
16、ction Advanced technical ceramics have a wide range of applications and functions and, in the as-manufactured condition, have characteristics which require inspection by a variety of techniques not commonly adopted for other classes of material, e.g. mechanical proof testing. BS EN 1006:2009EN 1006:
17、2009 (E) 51 Scope This European standard gives guidance on selection of test-pieces for the evaluation of properties. Important factors requiring attention in the preparation of test samples from large components or blocks of material are also described. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of t
18、his European standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 batch population of manufactured units of a single type, grade, size and composition, manufactured under essentially the same conditions at the same time, from which a sample is to be taken for inspection and/or testing to determi
19、ne the conformance with acceptability criteria NOTE Sometimes referred to as a lot. 2.2 sample sample consists of one or more manufactured units taken from a batch, these being selected at random without regard for their quality 2.3 sample size number of units in a sample 3 Selection of test-pieces
20、3.1 General The basis of any inspection of any material or batch of manufactured units is to obtain sound information on their fitness for purpose (quality). Advanced technical ceramics are diverse in material, format and application as are the methods devised to test their fitness for purpose. Befo
21、re arranging any inspection or testing scheme it is wise to consider in depth the nature of the material, its final format in relation to test-pieces required for tests, the accuracy of test methods and the failure criticality in its application. NOTE It is not the purpose of this European standard
22、to define criteria for fitness for purpose. This is subject to agreement between parties. 3.2 Material homogeneity and anisotropy 3.2.1 Most advanced technical ceramic materials are made by powder technology processes involving the formation of a rigidized powder mass (e.g. pressing, slip casting, e
23、tc.) before subjecting this to a densification process (e.g. sintering, reaction bonding, hot pressing). The homogeneity and isotropy of the rigidized powder mass and the control imposed during the subsequent densification process can exert a considerable influence on the homogeneity of the final de
24、nsified product. Consequently, attributes can vary from one place to another within a component or between components of the same batch. 3.2.2 One of the principal sources of a variation of attributes is density, arising from inhomogeneity of unfired (green) density, which has a subsequent significa
25、nt effect on many mechanical properties. Large localised variations in unfired density are usually manifest as excessive distortion in firing, porous regions, or cracking. Other varying attributes are grain size (usually resulting from varying heat BS EN 1006:2009EN 1006:2009 (E) 6 treatment conditi
26、ons between components) and chemical composition (usually resulting from inhomogeneous interaction between initial powder particles or between particles and the atmosphere, perhaps involving the migration of species). 3.2.3 Material inhomogeneity is most prevalent in large components or blocks of ma
27、terial, or in components requiring special firing conditions. It is frequently met with during material development, but is usually minimised during commercial product development. Material anisotropy is sometimes encountered in materials which have some form of directional microstructure. This may
28、result, for example, from a combination of the initial powder particle shape and the rigidizing process to make a green shape, or during firing if uniaxial hot pressing is employed. Attributes subsequently determined can be dependent on the direction in which a test-piece is cut and in which the pro
29、perty or characteristic is determined. 3.3 Test method accuracy 3.3.1 Most test methods specifically developed for advanced technical ceramics have associated with them a possible uncertainty of result determined by the accuracy of individual contributions from each parameter involved in the measure
30、ment. The potential uncertainties arising shall be taken into account when examining the consistency of a parameter within a batch of units or between batches, or examining whether it meets a given specification level. 3.3.2 It should be noted that in cases where the scatter of results of a test is
31、similar to or less than that attributable to the accuracy of test method, the test is clearly unable to distinguish between individual test-pieces or samples. An improvement of the accuracy level of the chosen test or an alternative test method should be sought. 3.3.3 Certain tests for advanced tech
32、nical ceramics produce a wide scatter of results as a consequence, for example, of the influence of occasional flaws or other defects, e.g. a strength test or dielectric breakdown test. The results from such tests shall be treated statistically (see e.g. EN 843-5 for strength tests), and the confide
33、nce level of the mean result or other parameters should be calculated such that the degree of discrimination between results from different batches, or between a set of results and a specification value, is clearly understood. 3.4 Sampling schemes for individual manufactured items 3.4.1 Sampling sch
34、emes are conventionally divided into those for inspection by attributes, e.g. ISO 2859-1, or by variables, e.g. ISO 3951 (all parts). NOTE See the Bibliography for these and other ISO standards on statistics. The selection of an appropriate scheme should be subject to agreement between parties. 3.4.
35、2 Inspection by attributes consists of examining a sampled unit and deciding whether or not it achieves an appropriate criterion. A decision on the fitness for purpose of a batch is by counting the number of non-achieving units in the batch sample. An example might be the presence of cracks (see EN
36、623-1) or surface blisters in an as-fired ceramic component. Sampling plans for inspection by attributes are given in ISO 2859-1. 3.4.3 Inspection by variables involves the measurement of a property or properties using a recognised test method producing numerical values for each unit in the sample.
37、These values are used in conjunction with the sampling plan to decide on the fitness for purpose of a batch compared with a pre-set criterion. Typical properties measured in this type of inspection are density (see EN 623-2) and flexural strength (see EN 843-1). Schemes for sampling by variables are
38、 given in ISO 3951 (all parts). NOTE ISO 5022 contains methods of sampling for shaped refractory products which can have some relevance to some types of advanced technical ceramic components. BS EN 1006:2009EN 1006:2009 (E) 73.4.4 Some tests involving determination of properties may be used to inspe
39、ct by attributes by placing an upper or lower acceptance limit on the design value, e.g. a lower limit on density in any unit. The permitted deviation from the design value, based on known uncertainties in test result from manufacturing, selection and testing, should also be defined, e.g. if the kno
40、wn uncertainty in measurement of density is 20 kg m-3at the 90 % confidence level, a unit would be deemed to have a satisfactory attribute if the measured density is not more than 20 kg m-3below the selected design value. 3.4.5 In either type of inspection, it should be emphasised that the samples c
41、hosen have a random chance of selection, i.e. not selecting the most conveniently accessible units, and that the data provided also include elements of test method uncertainty (see ISO 5725 (all parts). The latter is assumed to be reduced to a minimum by the standardisation of methods, but neverthel
42、ess is still inevitably present to varying degrees in most tests for advanced technical ceramics. Equally, it should be noted that sampling schemes do not guarantee that the test data are truly indicative of the quality of the sampled batch. They indicate only a probability, and thus contain an elem
43、ent of risk that a sample apparently meeting a given criterion may have been selected from a batch which overall does not, or that a sample apparently not meeting a given criterion may have been selected from a batch which overall does so. The important point is that the level of risk is calculated
44、and known. The degree of risk may be different for supplier and customer but decreases with increasing severity of inspection, either by increased sample size or by testing more than one attribute and/or property. 3.4.6 Sampling for production consistency should be made at a time during production w
45、hen it is known from process indications that the product is likely to have stable attributes. This clearly does not apply to small batch supplies of ceramic components. 3.5 Sampling attributes of physically large units or blocks of material 3.5.1 In some circumstances, test-pieces will need to be c
46、ut from large units or from supplied blanks or blocks of material. Consideration should be given not only to the position from which the test-pieces can be cut, but also the means for doing this, and the relationship the cut test-pieces have to the unit or block as a whole. 3.5.2 Many ceramic materi
47、als when supplied in an as-fired and unmachined condition possess a surface skin, which may be of different composition or have other different attributes from the bulk material exposed by cutting. Recognition shall be given to this factor, since it can influence the result of a test in various ways
48、. Some examples of factors to consider include: a) the skin may be impermeable, but the bulk not; b) the process of cutting may change the mechanical condition of the test material, and relieve undetectable internal stresses; c) the material may be structurally an isotropic, but test-pieces may be p
49、repared only with orientations which are not relevant to the important attributes of the unit as a whole. Even if the test unit or material has no discernibly different skin, cutting still may introduce flaws which are different to those pre-existing in the unit or block original surface. In addition, flaws internal to the unit or block, which shall have no influence on performance of the unit, may become exposed or positioned such that they influence the result of the test being applied. 3.5.3 Clear definition of cutting positions and methods shall be agreed b
