1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ICS 13.040.40; 13.1
2、10 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Safety of machinery Evaluation of the emission of airborne hazardous substan- ces Part 4 Capture efficiency of an exhaust system Tracer method 1093-4:1996 +A1:2008 : This British Standard was published under the authority of t
3、he Standards Board and comes into effect on BSI ISBN BS EN 1093-4:1996+A1:2008 Amendments National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1093-4:1996+A1:2008. It supersedes BS EN 1093-4:1996 which is withdrawn. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is
4、 indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number of the CEN amendment. For example, text altered by CEN amendment A1 is indicated by The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MCE/3, Safeguarding of machinery. A list of organizati
5、ons represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.
6、 . Date Comments Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2008978 0 580 60970 1 2009 15 September 1996 /corrigenda issued since publication 0 April 2009 3 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 1093-4:1996+A1 June 2008 ICS 13.040.40 Supersedes EN 1093-4:1996 English Version Safety of machine
7、ry - Evaluation of the emission of airborne hazardous substances - Part 4: Capture efficiency of an exhaust system - Tracer method Scurit des machines -Evaluation de lmission de substances dangereuses vhicules par lair - Partie 4 : Efficacit de captage dun systme daspiration - Mthode par traage Sich
8、erheit von Maschinen - Bewertung der Emission von luftgetragenen Gefahrstoffen - Teil 4: Erfassungsgrad eines Absaugsystems - Tracerverfahren This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 February 1996 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 14 May 2008. CEN members are bound to comply with t
9、he CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centr
10、e or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official
11、 versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Sloven
12、ia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN n
13、ational Members. Ref. No. EN 1093-4:1996+A1:2008: EEN 1093-4:1996 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Terms and definitions .4 4 Principle5 5 Simplified expression of the capture efficiency.5 6 Test method6 6.1 General procedure.6 6.2 Measurement of the concentration (
14、C 3 ).8 6.3 Application to a specific group of machines 9 7 Control parameters and influencing factors.9 7.1 Control parameters9 7.2 Influencing factors on capture efficiency .11 8 Test report 11 Annex A (informative) Simplified calculation of the random component of the uncertainty on C 3(95 %) 13
15、Annex ZA (informative) !Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC“ “ “ “.14 Annex ZB (informative) !Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC“ “ “ “.15 BS EN1 093 4:1996+A1:2008 +A1:
16、20083 Foreword This document (EN 1093-4:1996+A1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 114 “Safety of Machinery”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsem
17、ent, at the latest by December 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2008. This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2008-05-14. This document supersedes EN 1093-4:1996. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is in
18、dicated in the text by tags ! “. This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). !For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB
19、, which are integral parts of this document.“ According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germa
20、ny, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EN 1093-4:1996 (E) BS EN1 093 4:1996+A1:2008 +A1:20084 1 Scope This standard describes a method for t
21、he measurement of the capture efficiency of an exhaust system installed on a machine. This method is based on a tracer technique and may be operated in all types of test environment (bench, room and field, see ENV 1093-1). This technique is applicable only if the tracer shows aerodynamic behaviour c
22、omparable with the real pollutant (see 7.1.1). The measurement of the capture efficiency of an exhaust system can serve for: a) The evaluation of the performance of an exhaust system of a machine; b) The evaluation of the improvement of an exhaust system c) The comparison of exhaust systems for mach
23、ines of similar design; d) The ranking of exhaust systems according to their capture efficiency; e) The determination of the air flow rate of an exhaust system to achieve a given level of capture efficiency; f) The determination of the state of the art of exhaust systems for machines with respect to
24、 the capture efficiency, 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subseque
25、nt amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN 292-1, Safety of machinery Basic concepts - General principles for de
26、sign Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology. EN 292-2, Safety of machinery Basic concepts - General principles for design Part 2: Technical principles and specifications. ENV 1093-1, Safety of machinery Evaluation of the emission of airborne hazardous substances Part 1: Selection of test methods. IS
27、O 4053-1, Measurement of gas flow in conduits Tracer methods Part 1: General. 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this European Standard the following definitions apply: 3.1 capture efficiency of an exhaust system cthe ratio of the mass-flowrate of a specified pollutant directly collected by
28、the exhaust system to the uncontrolled mass-flowrate of this pollutant emitted from the machine EN 1093-4:1996 (E) BS EN1 093 4:1996+A1:2008 +A1:20085 3.2 tracer technique the use of substances with an aerodynamic behaviour comparable to the hazardous substance under consideration and which can be r
29、eliably measured 4 Principle The principle of the measurement method consists of: a) Emitting a tracer simulating the aerodynamic behaviour of the real pollutant, with the tracer flow rate (q E ); b) Measuring the flow rate (q c ) of the tracer collected by the exhaust system. 5 Simplified expressio
30、n of the capture efficiency The capture efficiency expressed as a percentage is: c = 100 E c q q(1) The tracer flow rate (q E ) is determined by emitting the tracer at constant flow rate directly into the exhaust duct and by measuring the average tracer concentration in a cross section of the duct t
31、hen: E q = ) ( 1 2 C C Q (2) where: Q is the average air flow rate in the duct during the measurement period of (q E ); C 1is the average ambient concentration of the tracer before the measurements (background level); C 2is the average concentration of the tracer in the duct (emission of tracer in t
32、he duct). The tracer flow rate (q c ) is determined by emitting the tracer at constant flow rate (q E ) at a characteristic point or zone of the emission of the real pollutant (e.g. at the furthest locations in the emission zone from the exhaust system) and by measuring the average concentration of
33、tracer in the same points of the duct: ) ( 1 3 C C Q q c = (3) where: Q is the average air flow rate in the duct during the measurement period of (q c ); C 1is the average ambient concentration of the tracer after the background level is stabilised; C 3is the average concentration of the tracer in t
34、he duct (emission at a selected location). The capture efficiency is expressed as a percentage as follows: 100 ) ( ) ( 100 1 2 1 3 = = C C Q C C Q q q E c c (4) EN 1093-4:1996 (E) BS EN1 093 4:1996+A1:2008 +A1:20086 If the exhaust flow rate can be considered as being constant, then Q = Q, and the ex
35、pression can be simplified: 100 1 2 1 3 = C C C C c (5) The capture efficiency is then determined by measuring only concentrations in the exhaust duct. 6 Test method 6.1 General procedure The measurement procedure is illustrated by figures 1 and figure 2 shows a typical test record. To measure the c
36、oncentration by sampling the air in the duct, it is assumed that the tracer is well mixed with the air. In the case of straight ducts the procedures described in ISO 4053-1 shall be used. NOTE Devices can be added to the duct to reduce the mixing length At least three tests shall be performed. EN109
37、3-4:1996(E)BS EN1 093 4:1996+A1:2008 +A1:20087 Phases 1 and 4: Measurement without tracer emission Phase 2: Measurement with tracer emission in the duct Phase 3: Measurement with tracer emission simulating the real pollutant 1 sampling 2 pump 3 analyser 4 injection 5 tracer gas flow meter 6 tracer g
38、as cylinder (pure or diluted tracer gas) 7 ambient concentration C 1or C 1 8 concentration C 29 concentration C 3Figure 1 Measurement procedure for a simple exhaust system using a tracer gas EN 1093-4:1996 (E) BS EN1 093 4:1996+A1:2008 +A1:20088 a) tracer concentration b) time in seconds Figure 2 Ty
39、pical test recording 6.2 Measurement of the concentration (C 3 ) Considering an emitter whose flow rate changes suddenly from 0 to (q E ), the concentration (C 3 ) rises progressively as a function of time. The curve of variation of (C 3 ) roughly shows two time constants: the first, relatively smal
40、l, corresponds to the accumulation of tracer in the volume directly under the influence of the exhaust system; the second, which is larger, corresponds to the accumulation of tracer in the rest of the room. A part of the tracer, escaping from the zone of direct influence of the exhaust system, is se
41、condarily and indirectly collected over a longer period of time. Since the efficiency of a system is based on the direct collection of the pollutant, the efficiency is defined on the basis of the determination of the value of (C 3 ) corresponding to the first time constant. In practice, and except f
42、or very small rooms, the time constant of the room is much larger than the time constant of the of the collection system, so that the measurement may be facilitated by averaging the value of the efficiency over a time interval of a few minutes after obtaining the first quasi equilibrium state. In sm
43、all rooms an increase in the ambient concentration can impair the quality of the measurement. For this reason, the measurement should only be accepted if the ratio 1 2 1 1 C C C C is lower than 0,05. The concentration C 1should be measured 1 minute after dosing of the tracer is stopped. Because of t
44、he fluctuations in the response, as can be observed in figure 2, the concentration C 3should be established as an average over a reasonable period of time. For a given measurement, the effective averaging period can be calculated as the time constant for the measuring system multiplied by the number
45、 of EN1093 - 4:1996(E)BS EN1 093 4:1996+A1:2008 +A1:20089 samples taken. To allow statistical analyses of the signal, leading to results such as minimum capture efficiency or relative standard deviation, the time constant of the measuring system should be adjusted to a defined value. This adjustment
46、 can be achieved by use of a buffer volume on the sampling line or by use of a digital filter. The time constant should be adjusted to 10 s. The interval between successive samples should be equal to or larger than the time constant for the measuring system in use. Statistical analysis of the signal
47、 C 3can determine the concentration of C 3(95%). This is the value of C 3which is exceeded for 95% of the specified measurement time. This value leads to the minimum capture efficiency, the calculation of which is given by the following formula: 1 2 1 3 %) 95 ( %) 95 ( C C C C c = (6) Assuming the d
48、istribution of C 3is Gaussian, C 3 (95%) can be derived from the mean value and the standard deviation of C 3 using the equation: C 3 (95%) = C 3 1,64 x (C 3 ) (7) The measurement result shall always be stated together with the uncertainty of the result. The uncertainty can be calculated according t
49、o annex A. NOTE 95% is a typical percentage, but other values above 75% may be used It is also possible to describe the performance of the exhaust system by the relative standard deviation which is calculated as the ratio of the estimated value of the standard deviation of C 3 to the mean value of C 3 . 6.3 Application to a specific group of machines Each new type C standard based on this standard dealing with a given group of machines shall supply ad
