1、BRITISH STANDARD Non-destructive testing - Radioscopic testing - Part 3: General principles of radioscopic testing of metallic materials by X- and gamma rays The European Standard EN 13068-3:2001 has the status of a British Standard ICs 19.100; 77.040.20 BS EN 13 068-3 :2 O0 1 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI
2、 PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BS EN 13068-3:2001 Amd. No. National foreword Date Comments This British Standard is the official English language version of The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing, which has the r
3、esponsibility to: EN 13068-3:2001. - - aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in t
4、he UK. - A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitle
5、d “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance
6、 with a British Standard does not of itselfconfer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Engineering Sector Policy and Strategy Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 25 September
7、 2001 Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 13 and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Q BSI 25 September 2001 ISBN O 58
8、0 38238 9 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 1306-3 August 2001 ICs 19.100 English version Non-destructive testing - Radioscopic testing - Part 3: General principles of radioscopic testing of metallic materials by X- and gamma rays Essais non destructifs - Contrle par radioscopie -
9、 Partie 3: Principes gnraux de lessai radioscopique a laide de rayons X et gamma des matriaux mtalliques Zerstrungsfreie Prfung - Radioskopische Prfung - Teil 3: Allgemeine Grundlagen fr die radioskopische Prfung von metallischen Werkstoffen mit Rntgen- und Gammastrahlen This European Standard was a
10、pproved by CEN on 25 July 2001. CEN members are bound to comply with the CENICENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationa
11、l standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notifie
12、d to the Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland. Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Un
13、ited Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FOR NORMUNG COMITE EUROPEEN DE NORMALISATION Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels O 2001 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 130
14、68-32001 E EN 13068-312001 (E) Contents Foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope . 4 2 Normative references 4 3Termsanddefinitions . 5 4 Radioscopic testing 5 6 Recommended techniques for radioscopic images 7 5 General 6 7 Testrepo rt . 11 ANNEX A (informative) Test arrangements; relation between geometr
15、ic unsharpness 12 Bibliography 13 and geometric magnification ; 2 EN 13068-3:2001 (E) Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CENTTC 138 “Non-destructive testing“, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a nation
16、al standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2002, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2002. EN 13068 comprises a series of European Standards of radioscopic systems which is made of the following: EN
17、 13068-1, Non-destructive testing - Radioscopic testing - Part 1: Quantitative measurement of image properties. EN 13068-2, Non-destructive testing - Radioscopic testing - Part 2: Qualitative control and long term stability ofimaging devices. EN 13068-3, Non-destructive testing - Radioscopic testing
18、 - Part 3: General principles of radioscopic testing of metallic materials by X- and gamma-mys. According to the CENKENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
19、Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. 3 EN 13068-32001 (E) Introduction This part specifies fundamental techniques of radioscopy with the object of enabling repeatable results to be obt
20、ained economically. The techniques are based on generally accepted practice and the fundamental theory of the subject. The goal of this standard is to define a radioscopic technique as close as possible to the radiographic standard EN 444 and EN 462. Due to the specific differences the following dev
21、iations are essential: 1) The limited inherent unsharpness of the intensifier based systems in comparison to the film technique requires careful handling with IQls. Therefore, the usage of the double wire IQI corresponding to EN 462-5 is additionally introduced for each measurement. The maximum perm
22、issible unsharpness is defined in dependence on the wall thickness. The values are calculated from the permissible geometric unsharpness corresponding to the equation f, of EN 444. Due to technical and economical reasons up to the double unsharpness corresponding to EN 444 was accepted for the lower
23、 wall thickness range in Table 4 and 5. Contrast enhancement by a lower maximum tube voltage and the requirement for the same minimum wire IQI values corresponding to EN 462-3 yield a compensation for the limitations in the spatial resolution. No values for step hole IQIs are defined because wire IQ
24、ls are more typical for small structures to detect. 2) The principle of compensating the limited spatial resolution by contrast enhancement requires the necessity for image integration for most applications. Thus, the image quality defined in Table 5 for testing of metallic materials is based on rad
25、ioscopic test images acquired with image integration. Real time testing yields advantages for the perceptibility of oriented structures by the dynamic testing principle and should be applied always as a first step for system and positioning optimization. The wide application of radioscopy for light
26、alloy testing justifies the definition of special limited requirements for this application area in Table 4. Here, class SA testing can be performed by real time radioscopy and class SB testing only needs additional image integration. The user may decide if he does apply Table 4 or 5 depending on hi
27、s testing problem. I Scope This European Standard specifies general rules for industrial X- and gamma-radioscopy for flaw detection purposes, using radioscopic techniques, applicable to the testing of metallic materials. It does not lay down acceptance criteria of the discontinuities. 2 Normative re
28、ferences This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any the
29、se publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments). EN 462-1, Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part I: Image quality ind
30、icators (wire type) - Determination of image quality value EN 462-3, Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 3: Image quality of radiogrammes - Part 3: Image quality classes for ferrous metals EN 462-5, Non-destructive testing - Image Quality of radiographs - Part 2: Image qual
31、ity indicators (duplex wire type) - Determination of image quality value EN 473, Nondestructive testing - Qualification and cerfication of NDT personnel - General principles EN 1435, Non-destructive examination of welds - Radiographic examination of welded joints EN 12544-1, Non-destructive testing
32、- Measurement and evaluation of the X-ray tube voltage - Part I: Voltage divider method EN 12544-2, Non-destructive testing - Measurement and evaluation of the X-ray tube vdtage - Part 2: Constancy check by the thick filter method EN 12544-3, Non-destructive testing - Measurement and evaluation of t
33、he X-ray tube voltage - Part 3: Spectrometric method 4 EN 13068-32001 (E) EN 12681, Founding - Radiographic inspection EN 13068-1, Non-destructive testing - Radioscopic Testing - Part I: Quantitative measurement of image properties EN 13068-2, Non-destructive testing - Radioscopic Testing - Part 2:
34、Qualitative control and long tem stability of imaging devices 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply: 3.1 nominal thickness, t nominal thickness of the material in the region under testing EN 4441 Manufacturing tolerances do not
35、have to be taken into account. 3.2 Phickness of material in the direction of the radiation beam calculated on basis of the nominal thickness EN 4441 3.3 source size, d size of the source of radiation (in accordance with EN 12679), focal spot size of the used X-ray tube (in accordance With EN 12543-1
36、 to EN 12543-5) 3.4 focus-to-detector distance FDD distance between the source o+ radiation and the detector measured in the direction of the beam 3.5 focus-to-object distance, FOD. distance between the source of radiation and the source side of the test object measured along the central axis of the
37、 radiation beam 3.6 terms describing spatial resolution (see annex A) geometric unsharpness, U, inherent (screen) unsharpness, Ui total unsharpness, U, 3.7 system parameter (see annex A) geometric magnification, M 3.8 bloomin light over better than I 5 % I 10 % I 20 % I I homogeneity Hd, I 10% I 20%
38、 I 30% I better than These features shall be measured at a signal to noise ratio better than 50. Distortion and homogeneity shall be measured at 75% of the radius of the used image field. Systems which do not meet the system classes SC 1 to SC 3 are not subject of this standard. 5 General 5.1 Protec
39、tion against ionizing radiations Warning - Exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays or gamma-rays can be highly injurious to health. Wherever X-ray equiment or radioactive sources are in use, appropriate legal requirements are applied. Local or national or international safety precautions wh
40、en using ionizing radiation shall be strictly applied. 5.2 In general, surface preparation is not necessary, but where surface imperfections or coatings might cause difficulty in detecting discontinuities, the surface shall be ground smooth or the coating shall be removed. 5.3 Identification of radi
41、oscopic images If documentation is necessary, a clear identification shall be affixed to each section of the object being inspected. The images of these symbols shall appear in the radioscopic image outside the region of interest where possible and shall ensure unequivocal identification of the sect
42、ion. In case where a documentation is necessary a clear identification of each image shall be guaranteed. Alternatively the identification of radioscopic images can be performed by insetting a symbol or reference number into the image, the image header or a parameter file by electronic means. The re
43、ference shall be stored as part of the radioscopic image. 5.4 Marking If documentation is necessary permanent markings on the object to be tested shall be made in order to accurately locate the position of each radioscopic image. Where the nature of the material and/or its service conditions do not
44、permit permanent marking, the location may be recorded by means of accurate sketches. 5.5 Overlap of images When testing an area with two or more separate imageslvideo frames, these shall overlap suffiently to ensure that the complete region of interest is radioscopically tested. This can for exampl
45、e be verified by a high density marker on the surface of the object which will appear in the image. 5.6 Personnel qualification It is assumed that radioscopic testing is performed by qualified and capable personnel. In order to prove this qualification, it is recommended to certify the personnel in
46、accordance with EN 473 or equivalent. Surface preparation and stage of manufacture 6 EN 13068-32001 (E) 10 15 6 6.1 Test arrangements Where applicable, testing arrangements shall be determined by the specific application standards. 6.2 Radioscopic imaging devices The imaging properties of the system
47、 shall be given in terms as described in EN 13068-1 and EN 13068-2. 6.3 Alignment of beam The beam of radiation shall be directed to the centre of the area being tested and should be normal to the object surface at that point, except when it can be demonstrated that certain tests are best revealed b
48、y a different alignment of the beam. In this case, an appropriate alignment of the beam may be permitted. Between the contracting parties other ways of radioscopic testing may be agreed upon. Other testing geometries may be carried out with reference to testing related standards. 6.4 In order to red
49、uce the effect of scattered radiation and blooming, direct radiation shall be collimated as much as possible to the section under testing. Scattered radiation shall be reduced by collimators, filters and masks. 6.5 Choice of tube voltage To maintain a good flaw sensitivity, the X-ray tube voltage (in accordance with EN 12544-1 to EN 12544-3) should be as low as possible. The maximum values of tube voltage versus penetrated thickness are given in Table 2 for aluminium and light alloys and in Table 3 for steel. Table 2 - Maximum X-ray voltage for aluminium and light
