1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 1591-1:2013Flanges and their joints Design rules for gasketedcircular flange connectionsPart 1: CalculationBS EN 1591-1:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1591-1:2013. Itsupersedes BS EN 1591-1:2001+A1:2009 which
2、is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PSE/15/2, Flanges - Jointing materials and compounds.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessar
3、yprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 75631 3ICS 23.040.60Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was publ
4、ished under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 1591-1:2013EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 1591-1 December 2013 ICS 23.040.60 Supersedes EN 1591-1:2001+A1:2009English Version F
5、langes and their joints - Design rules for gasketed circular flange connections - Part 1: Calculation Brides et leurs assemblages - Rgles de calcul des assemblages brides circulaires avec joint - Partie 1: Mthode de calcul Flansche und ihre Verbindungen - Regeln fr die Auslegung von Flanschverbindun
6、gen mit runden Flanschen - Teil 1: Berechnung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 October 2013. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any altera
7、tion. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made
8、by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia
9、, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDAR
10、DIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1591-1:2013 EBS EN 1591-1:2013EN 1591-1:20
11、13 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 5 1 Scope 7 2 Normative references 7 3 Notation 7 3.1 Use of figures .7 3.2 Subscripts and special marks 7 3.2.1 Subscripts 7 3.2.2 Special marks .9 3.3 Symbols 9 3.4 Terminology 14 3.4.1 Flanges 14 3.4.2 Loading 14 3.4.3 Load conditions 14 3.4.4 Compliances 14 4 Requ
12、irements for use of the calculation method 22 4.1 General . 22 4.2 Geometry . 22 4.3 Material 23 4.4 Loads . 23 5 Checking the assembly for a specified initial tightening bolt force (or torque) 23 6 Calculation parameters 24 6.1 General . 24 6.2 Flange parameters 24 6.2.1 General . 24 6.2.2 Flange r
13、ing . 25 6.2.3 Connected shell 26 6.2.4 Flexibility-related flange parameters 27 6.3 Bolt and washer parameters 28 6.3.1 General . 28 6.3.2 Effective cross-section area of bolts 28 6.3.3 Flexibility modulus of bolts . 28 6.3.4 Geometric parameters for washers and contact surfaces . 28 6.3.5 Flexibil
14、ity modulus of washers . 29 6.4 Gasket parameters . 29 6.4.1 General . 29 6.4.2 Theoretical dimensions 29 6.4.3 Effective dimensions 29 6.4.4 Axial flexibility modulus of gasket 30 6.4.5 Lever arms . 32 7 Forces 33 7.1 General . 33 7.2 Applied loads 33 7.2.1 Assembly condition (I = 0) . 33 7.2.2 Sub
15、sequent conditions (I = 1, 2 ) . 33 7.3 Compliance of the joint 34 7.4 Minimum forces necessary for the gasket . 35 7.4.1 Assembly condition (I = 0) . 35 7.4.2 Subsequent conditions (I = 1, 2, .) 35 7.5 Internal forces in assembly condition (I = 0) 35 7.5.1 Required forces . 35 BS EN 1591-1:2013EN 1
16、591-1:2013 (E) 3 7.5.2 Accounting for bolt-load scatter at assembly 36 7.6 Internal forces in subsequent conditions (I = 1, 2, ) 37 8 Load limits 38 8.1 General . 38 8.2 Bolts 38 8.3 Gasket . 39 8.4 Integral flange and collar 39 8.5 Blank flange . 41 8.6 Loose flange with collar 42 Annex A (informat
17、ive) Dimensions of standard metric bolts . 43 Annex B (informative) Tightening . 44 B.1 Scatter of initial bolt load of a single bolt Indicative values 1-and 1+for a single bolt . 44 B.2 Scatter for the global load of all the bolts. 44 B.3 Manual uncontrolled tightening . 45 B.4 Assembly using torqu
18、e wrench . 45 B.5 Assembly using bolt tensioner 46 Annex C (informative) Flange rotations 48 C.1 General . 48 C.2 Use of flange rotation 48 C.3 Calculation of flange rotations . 48 Annex D (informative) Use of the calculation method . 50 D.1 Calculation method principle . 50 D.2 Mechanical model 51
19、D.3 Required checks 52 D.4 Calculation sequence 52 Annex E (informative) Gasket/flange face friction coefficients examples 54 Annex F (normative) Determination of eGc,Ibased on a given PQR. 55 F.1 Determination of the deflection occurring during a PQRtest 55 F.2 Determination of the deflection to be
20、 taken into account in the calculation 56 Annex G (informative) Sealing gasket parameter when no leakage rate is specified . 57 Annex H (informative) Alternative calculation procedure taking into account the plastic deformation of the gasket in subsequent load conditions procedures (after assembly)
21、58 H.1 Introduction 58 H.2 Calculation procedure. 58 H.2.1 General description . 58 H.2.2 No additional plastic deformation . 59 H.2.3 Additional plastic deformation . 59 H.3 Flat gaskets 59 H.3.1 Flat gaskets with small or median deformations . 59 H.3.2 Flat gaskets with greater deformations 61 H.4
22、 Metal gaskets with curved surfaces (Figures 3b, c, e, f ) 62 H.5 Metal gaskets with octagonal section (Figure 3d) . 62 Annex I (informative) Available, incomplete models for conversion of the leakage rates in different conditions (based on certain flow models) . 63 I.1 Introduction and warning . 63
23、 I.2 Flow theory fundamentals 63 I.2.1 Transport modes . 63 I.2.2 Case of gases 64 I.2.3 Case of liquids: Parallel capillary model. 65 I.3 Factors of influence on the leakage rate of gaskets and gasketed joints . 65 I.3.1 List of identified factors 65 I.3.2 Limits and restriction of the proposed mod
24、els 65 I.3.3 Dependence on pressure . 66 I.3.4 Dependence on temperature 67 BS EN 1591-1:2013EN 1591-1:2013 (E) 4 I.3.5 Dependence on the type of fluid . 68 I.3.6 Influence of the gasket thickness . 68 I.3.7 Influence of gasket width . 69 I.3.8 Influence of gasket stress 69 I.3.9 Influence of other
25、factors . 69 I.3.10 Conclusion on the factors of influence 70 I.4 Practical application for EN 1591-1 calculations . 70 I.4.1 General . 70 I.4.2 Determination of a trend for the leakage rate for the flange connection in “actual” from “reference” conditions . 71 I.4.3 Determination of a trend for the
26、 leakage rate for the flange connection in “reference” from “actual” conditions 72 Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 97/23/EC . 74 Bibliography . 75 BS EN 1591-1:2013EN 1591-1:2013 (E) 5 Foreword This document (EN 1591-1
27、:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 74 “Flanges and their joints”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2014, and confli
28、cting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document
29、supersedes EN 1591-1:2001+A1:2009. The major changes in comparison with the previous edition include: correction of load ratio calculation for blind flanges; integration of spacers (washers); modification of bolt load ratio calculation; integration of lateral forces and torsion moments applied on th
30、e bolted joint; integration of an alternative calculation method (more precise) for the determination of the gasket effective width (informative annex); integration of the possibility to handle gasket creep/relaxation behaviour through additional deflection; integration of an informative annex conce
31、rning leakage rates conversions; integration of the possibility to check a bolted flange connection for a specified initial bolt load value; integration of the possibility to perform a calculation even when no tightness requirement is defined through basic gasket parameters (Annex G). This document
32、has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. EN 1591 consists of
33、several parts: EN 1591-1, Flanges and their joints Design rules for gasketed circular flange connections Part 1: Calculation EN 1591-2, Flanges and their joints Design rules for gasketed circular flange connections Part 2: Gasket parameters CEN/TS 1591-3, Flanges and their joints Design rules for ga
34、sketed circular flange connections Part 3: Calculation method for metal to metal contact type flanged joint EN 1591-4, Flanges and their joints Part 4: Qualification of personnel competency in the assembly of the bolted connections of critical service pressurized systems BS EN 1591-1:2013EN 1591-1:2
35、013 (E) 6 CEN/TR 1591-5, Flanges and their joints Design rules for gasketed circular flange connections Part 5: Calculation method for full face gasketed joints The calculation method satisfies both leak tightness and strength criteria. The behaviour of the complete flanges-bolts-gasket system is co
36、nsidered. Parameters taken into account include not only basic ones such as: fluid pressure; material strength values of flanges, bolts and gaskets; gasket compression factors; nominal bolt load; but also: possible scatter due to bolting up procedure; changes in gasket force due to deformation of al
37、l components of the joint; influence of connected shell or pipe; effect of external axial and lateral forces and torsion and bending moments; effect of temperature difference between bolts and flange ring. The use of this calculation method is particularly useful for joints where the bolt load is mo
38、nitored when bolting up. The greater the precision of this, the more benefit can be gained from application of the calculation method. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Aus
39、tria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Swed
40、en, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 1591-1:2013EN 1591-1:2013 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard defines a calculation method for bolted, gasketed, circular flange joints. Its purpose is to ensure structural integrity and control of leak tightness. It uses gasket parameters based
41、 on definitions and test methods specified in EN 13555. The calculation method is not applicable to joints with a metallic contact out of the sealing face or to joints whose rigidity varies appreciably across gasket width. For gaskets in incompressible materials, which permit large deformations, the
42、 results given by the calculation method can be excessively conservative (i.e. required bolting load too high, allowable pressure of the fluid too low, required flange thickness too large, etc.). 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this
43、document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13555:2004, Flanges and their joints Gasket parameters and test procedures relevant t
44、o the design rules for gasketed circular flange connections 3 Notation 3.1 Use of figures Figure 1 to Figure 14 illustrate the notation corresponding to the geometric parameters. They only show principles and are not intended to be practical designs. They do not illustrate all possible flange types
45、for which the calculation method is valid. NOTE For standard flange types, e.g as shown in EN 1092 or EN 1759, the relevant figures are the following: Type 01 Figure 10 Type 02 Figure 12 Type 04 Figure 12 Type 05 Figure 11 Type 07 Figure 12 Type 11 Figure 6 Type 12 Figure 13 Type 13 Figure 14 Type 2
46、1 Figures 6 to 9 3.2 Subscripts and special marks 3.2.1 Subscripts A Additional (FA, MA) B Bolt BS EN 1591-1:2013EN 1591-1:2013 (E) 8 C Creep of gasket (eGc) D Equivalent cylinder (tapered hub + connected shell) for load limit calculation E Equivalent cylinder (tapered hub + connected shell) for fle
47、xibility calculation F Flange G Gasket H Hub I Load condition identifier (taking values 0, 1, 2 .) L Loose flange, Lateral (FLI) M Moment N Nut P Fluid pressure Q Net axial force due to pressure R Net axial force due to external force S Shell, shear T Shell, modified TG Torsion (MTG) X Flange weakes
48、t cross section W Washer Symbol for change or difference av average c calculated d design e effective i Interim value max maximum min minimum nom nominal opt optimal req required BS EN 1591-1:2013EN 1591-1:2013 (E) 9 s non-threaded part of bolt specified refers to the case of calculation performed f
49、or a given (specified) initial bolt load t theoretical, torque, thread 0 initial bolt-up condition (I = 0, see subscript I) 3.2.2 Special marks Accent placed above symbols of flange parameters that refers to the second flange of the joint, possibly different from the first. 3.3 Symbols Where units are applicable, they are shown in brackets. Where units are not applicable, no indication is given. ABEffective total cross-section
