1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 1991-1-4:2005Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-4: General actions Wind actionsICS 91.010.30g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44
2、g42g43g55g3g47g36g58Incorporating corrigenda July 2009and January 2010+A1:2010National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010, incorporating corrigendum January 2010. It supersedes BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 which is withdrawn. Details of superseded British Stand
3、ards are given in the table below.The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number of the CEN amendment. For example, text altered by CEN amendment A1 is indicated by !“.The start and finish of text
4、 introduced or altered by corrigendum is indicated in the text by tags. Text altered by CEN corrigendum January 2010 is indicated in the text by .NOTE The content of CEN corrigendum January 2010 replaced the content of CEN corrigendum July 2009.The structural Eurocodes are divided into packages by g
5、rouping Eurocodes for each of the main materials: concrete, steel, composite concrete and steel, timber, masonry and aluminium; this is to enable a common date of withdrawal (DOW) for all the relevant parts that are needed for a particular design. The conflicting national standards will be withdrawn
6、 at the end of the coexistence period, after all the EN Eurocodes of a package are available.Following publication of the EN, there is a period allowed for national calibration during which the National Annex is issued, followed by a co-existence period of a maximum three years. During the co-existe
7、nce period Member States are encouraged to adapt their national provisions. At the end of this co-existence period, the conflicting parts of national standard(s) will be withdrawn.In the UK, the following national standards are superseded by the Eurocode 1 series and, based on this transition period
8、, these standards have now been withdrawn.Eurocode Superseded British StandardsEN 1991-1-1 BS 6399-1:1996EN 1991-1-2 noneEN 1991-1-3 BS 6399-3:1988EN 1991-1-4 BS 6399-2:1997, BS 5400-2:1978*EN 1991-1-5 BS 5400-2:1978*EN 1991-1-6 noneEN 1991-1-7 noneEN 1991-2 BS 5400-1:1988, BS 5400-2:1978*EN 1991-3
9、noneEN 1991-4 none* BS 5400-2:1978 will not be fully superseded until publication of Annex A.2 to BS EN 1990:2002.BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 25 April 2005 BSI 2011Amendments/corrigenda issued si
10、nce publicationDate Comments 31 December 2009 Implementation of CEN corrigendum July 200931 August 2010 Implementation of CEN corrigendum January 201031 January 2011 Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2010ISBN 978 0 580 68497 5The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Commit
11、tee B/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee B/525/1, Actions (loadings) and basis of design.A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Where a normative part of this EN allows for a choice to be made at the national
12、level, the range and possible choice will be given in the normative text, and a note will qualify it as a Nationally Determined Parameter (NDP). NDPs can be a specific value for a factor, a specific level or class, a particular method or a particular application rule if several are proposed in the E
13、N.To enable EN 1991-1-4 to be used in the UK, the NDPs have now been published in a National Annex.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
14、 legal obligations.BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010i BSI 2011blankEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1 April 2010 ICS 91.010.30 Supersedes ENV 1991-2-4:1995 English version Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions Eurocode 1: - Actions
15、sur les structures - Partie 1-4: Actions gnrales - Actions du vent Eurocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-4: Allgemeine Einwirkungen - Windlasten This European Standard was approved by CEN on 4 June 2004. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipul
16、ate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exi
17、sts in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bo
18、dies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE F
19、OR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1991-1-4:2005: EIncorporating corrigendum January 2010Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000
20、 Brussels 2 Contents Page Section 1 General 9 1.1 Scope 9 1.2 Normative references 10 1.3 Assumptions 10 1.4 Distinction between Principles and Application Rules 10 1.5 Design assisted by testing and measurements 10 1.6 Definitions 10 1.7 Symbols 11 Section 2 Design situations 16 Section 3 Modelling
21、 of wind actions 17 3.1 Nature 17 3.2 Representations of wind actions 17 3.3 Classification of wind actions 17 3.4 Characteristic values 17 3.5 Models 17 Section 4 Wind velocity and velocity pressure 18 4.1 Basis for calculation 18 4.2 Basic values 18 4.3 Mean wind 19 4.3.1 Variation with height 19
22、4.3.2 Terrain roughness 19 4.3.3 Terrain orography 21 4.3.4 Large and considerably higher neighbouring structures 21 4.3.5 Closely spaced buildings and obstacles 22 4.4 Wind turbulence 22 4.5 Peak velocity pressure 22 Section 5 Wind actions 24 5.1 General 24 5.2 Wind pressure on surfaces 24 5.3 Wind
23、 forces 25 Section 6 Structural factor cscd28 6.1 General 28 6.2 Determination of cscd28 6.3 Detailed procedure 28 6.3.1 Structural factor cscd28 6.3.2 Serviceability assessments 30 6.3.3 Wake buffeting 30 Section 7 Pressure and force coefficients 31 7.1 General 31 7.1.1 Choice of aerodynamic coeffi
24、cient 31 7.1.2 Asymmetric and counteracting pressures and forces 32 7.1.3 Effects of ice and snow 32 7.2 Pressure coefficients for buildings 33 7.2.1 General 33 7.2.2 Vertical walls of rectangular plan buildings 34 7.2.3 Flat roofs 37 7.2.4 Monopitch roofs 40 7.2.5 Duopitch roofs 43 7.2.6 Hipped roo
25、fs 47 7.2.7 Multispan roofs 48 7.2.8 Vaulted roofs and domes 50 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (E)3 7.2.9 Internal pressure 51 7.2.10 Pressure on walls or roofs with more than one skin 53 7.3 Canopy roofs 54 7.4 Free-standing walls, parapets, fences and signboards 61 7.4.1 Free-
26、standing walls and parapets 61 7.4.2 Shelter factors for walls and fences 63 7.4.3 Signboards 63 7.5 Friction coefficients 64 7.6 Structural elements with rectangular sections 65 7.7 Structural elements with sharp edged section 67 7.8 Structural elements with regular polygonal section 67 7.9 Circula
27、r cylinders 69 7.9.1 External pressure coefficients 69 7.9.2 Force coefficients 71 7.9.3 Force coefficients for vertical cylinders in a row arrangement 74 7.10 Spheres 74 7.11 Lattice structures and scaffoldings 76 7.12 Flags 78 7.13 Effective slenderness and end-effect factor 80 Section 8 Wind acti
28、ons on bridges 82 8.1 General 82 8.2 Choice of the response calculation procedure 85 8.3 Force coefficients 85 8.3.1 Force coefficients in x-direction (general method) 85 8.3.2 Force in x-direction Simplified Method 88 8.3.3 Wind forces on bridge decks in z-direction 89 8.3.4 Wind forces on bridge d
29、ecks in y-direction 90 8.4 Bridge piers 91 8.4.1 Wind directions and design situations 91 8.4.2 Wind effects on piers 91 Annex A (informative) Terrain effects 92 A.1 Illustrations of the upper roughness of each terrain category 92 A.2 Transition between roughness categories 0, I, II, III and IV 93 A
30、.3 Numerical calculation of orography coefficients 95 A.4 Neighbouring structures 100 A.5 Displacement height 101 Annex B (informative) Procedure 1 for determining the structural factor cscd102 B.1 Wind turbulence 102 B.2 Structural factor 103 B.3 Number of loads for dynamic response 105 B.4 Service
31、 displacement and accelerations for serviceability assessments of a vertical structure 105 Annex C (informative) Procedure 2 for determining the structural factor cscd108 C.1 Wind turbulence 108 C.2 Structural factor 108 C.3 Number of loads for dynamic response 109 C.4 Service displacement and accel
32、erations for serviceability assessments 109 Annex D (informative) cscdvalues for different types of structures 111 Annex E (informative) Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities 114 E.1 Vortex shedding 114 E.1.1 General 114 E.1.2 Criteria for vortex shedding 114 E.1.3 Basic parameters for vorte
33、x shedding 115 E.1.4 Vortex shedding action 118 E.1.5 Calculation of the cross wind amplitude 118 E.1.6 Measures against vortex induced vibrations 128 E.2 Galloping 129 E.2.1 General 129 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (E)4 E.2.2 Onset wind velocity 129 E.2.3 Classical galloping
34、of coupled cylinders 131 E.3 Interference galloping of two or more free standing cylinders 133 E.4 Divergence and Flutter 134 E.4.1 General 134 E.4.2 Criteria for plate-like structures 134 E.4.3 Divergency velocity 134 Annex F (informative) Dynamic characteristics of structures 136 F.1 General 136 F
35、.2 Fundamental frequency 136 F.3 Fundamental mode shape 141 F.4 Equivalent mass 143 F.5 Logarithmic decrement of damping 143 Bibliography 146 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (E)5 Foreword This document EN 1991-1-4:2005 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC250 “Structura
36、l Eurocode“, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 201
37、0. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard : Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia
38、, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. This European Standard supersedes ENV 1991-2-4: 1995. CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes. Background of the Eurocode programme In 1975, the Co
39、mmission of the European Community decided on an action programme in the field of construction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the elimination of technical obstacles to trade and the harmonisation of technical specifications. Within this action programme, the C
40、ommission took the initiative to establish a set of harmonised technical rules for the design of construction works which, in a first stage, would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the Member States and, ultimately, would replace them. For fifteen years, the Commission, with
41、the help of a Steering Committee with Representatives of Member States, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the first generation of European codes in the 1980s. In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decided, on the basis of an agreement1betwe
42、en the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation and the publication of the Eurocodes to the CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them with a future status of European Standard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of all the Councils Directives and/or Co
43、mmissions Decisions dealing with European standards (e.g. the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on construction products - CPD - and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and 89/440/EEC on public works and services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of setting up the internal market).
44、The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards generally consisting of a number of Parts : EN 1990 Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures 1Ag
45、reement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) concerning the work on EUROCODES for the design of building and civil engineering works (BC/CEN/03/89). BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (E)6 EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design
46、of composite steel and concrete structures EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures Eu
47、rocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level where these continue to vary from State to State. Status and field of application of Eurocodes The
48、Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that Eurocodes serve as reference documents for the following purposes : as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N1 Mechanical
49、 resistance and stability and Essential Requirement N2 Safety in case of fire ; as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services ; as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products (ENs and ETAs) The Eurocodes, as far as they concern the construction works themselves, have a direct relationship with the Interpretative Documents2referred to in Article 12 of the CPD, although they are of a different nature from harmonised product standards3. Therefore, technical aspects a
