1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 1993-4-1:2007Eurocode 3 Design ofsteel structures Part 4-1: SilosICS 65.040.20; 91.010.30; 91.080.10g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53
2、g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58Incorporating corrigendum April 2009and January2011National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1993-4-1:2007, incorporating corrigendum April 2009.The start and finish of text introduced or altered by corrigendum is indicated in the text by tags. Text
3、 altered by CEN corrigendum April 2009 is indicated in the text by .The structural Eurocodes are divided into packages by grouping Euro-codes for each of the main materials: concrete, steel, composite concrete and steel, timber, masonry and aluminium; this is to enable a common date of withdrawal (D
4、OW) for all the relevant parts that are needed for a particular design. The conflicting national standards will be withdrawn at the end of the co-existence period, after all the EN Eurocodes of a package are available.Following publication of the EN, there is a period allowed for national calibratio
5、n during which the National Annex is issued, followed by a co-existence period of a maximum three years. During the co-existence period Member States are encouraged to adapt their national provisions. At the end of this co-existence period, the conflicting parts of national standard(s) will be withd
6、rawn.In the UK there are no conflicting national standards.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee B/525/31, Structural use of steel.A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be
7、obtained on request to its secretary.Where a normative part of this EN allows for a choice to be made at the national level, the range and possible choice will be given in the normative text as Recommended Values, and a note will qualify it as a Nationally Determined Parameter (NDP). NDPs can be a s
8、pecific value for a factor, a specific level or class, a particular method or a particular application rule if several are proposed in the EN.UK National Annex to BS EN 1993-4-1To enable EN 1993-4-1 to be used in the UK, the committee has decided that no National Annex will be issued and recommend t
9、he following: all the Recommended Values should be used; all Informative Annexes may be used; and no NCCI have currently been identified.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a Briti
10、sh Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.BS EN 1993-4-1:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2007 BSI 2011Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Comments 28 February 2010 Implementation of CE
11、N corrigendum April 2009ISBN 978 0 580 74368 931 January 2011 Correction to equation (8.27) in 8.3.2.3EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 1993-4-1February 2007ICS 65.040.20; 91.010.30; 91.080.10Supersedes ENV 1993-4-1:1999English VersionEurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 4-
12、1: SilosEurocode 3 - Calcul des structures en acier - Partie 4-1:SilosEurocode 3 - Bemessung und Konstruktion vonStahlbauten - Teil 4-1: SilosThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 June 2006.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the condi
13、tions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three o
14、fficial versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria
15、, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE
16、FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1993-4-1:2007: EIncorporating corrigendum Apri
17、l 20092 Contents Foreword 4 1 General 9 1.1 Scope 9 1.2 Normative references 9 1.3 Assumptions 10 1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules 10 1.5 Terms and definitions 10 1.6 Symbols used in Part 4.1 of Eurocode 3 13 1.7 Sign conventions 15 1.8 Units 20 2 Basis of design 20 2.1 Requi
18、rements 20 2.2 Reliability differentiation 20 2.3 Limit states 21 2.4 Actions and environmental effects 22 2.5 Material properties 22 2.6 Geometrical data 22 2.7 Modelling of the silo for determining action effects 22 2.8 Design assisted by testing 22 2.9 Action effects for limit state verifications
19、 23 2.10 Durability 24 2.11 Fire resistance 24 3 Properties of materials 25 3.1 General 25 3.2 Structural steels 25 3.3 Stainless steels 25 3.4 Special alloy steels 25 3.5 Toughness requirements 26 4 Basis for structural analysis 27 4.1 Ultimate limit states 27 4.2 Analysis of the structure of a she
20、ll silo 28 4.3 Analysis of the box structure of a rectangular silo 31 4.4 Equivalent orthotropic properties of corrugated sheeting 32 5 Design of cylindrical walls 35 5.1 Basis 35 5.2 Distinctions between cylindrical shell forms 35 5.3 Resistance of silo cylindrical walls 36 5.4 Special support cond
21、itions for cylindrical walls 59 5.5 Detailing for openings in cylindrical walls 64 5.6 Serviceability limit states 65 6 Design of conical hoppers 66 6.1 Basis 66 6.2 Distinctions between hopper shell forms 66 6.3 Resistance of conical hoppers 67 6.4 Considerations for special hopper structures 72 6.
22、5 Serviceability limit states 73 BS EN 1993-4-1:2007EN 1993-4-1:2007 (E)3 7 Design of circular conical roof structures 75 7.1 Basis 75 7.2 Distinctions between roof structural forms 75 7.3 Resistance of circular conical silo roofs 75 8 Design of transition junctions and supporting ring girders 77 8.
23、1 Basis 77 8.2 Analysis of the junction 80 8.3 Structural resistances 86 8.4 Limit state verifications 90 8.5 Considerations concerning support arrangements for the junction 92 9 Design of rectangular and planar-sided silos 94 9.1 Basis 94 9.2 Classification of structural forms 94 9.3 Resistance of
24、unstiffened vertical walls 95 9.4 Resistance of silo walls composed of stiffened and corrugated plates 95 9.5 Silos with internal ties 100 9.6 Strength of pyramidal hoppers 100 9.7 Vertical stiffeners on box walls 102 9.8 Serviceability limit states 102 Annex A: Informative 104 Simplified rules for
25、circular silos in Consequence Class 1 104 A.1 Action combinations for Consequence Class 1 104 A.2 Action effect assessment 104 A.3 Ultimate limit state assessment 104 Annex B: Informative 111 Expressions for membrane stresses in conical hoppers 111 Annex C: Informative 113 Distribution of wind press
26、ure around circular silo structures 113 BS EN 1993-4-1:2007EN 1993-4-1:2007 (E)4 Foreword This European Standard EN 1993-4-1, “Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 4-1: Silos”, has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC250 Structural Eurocodes , the Secretariat of which is held by BSI. C
27、EN/TC250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes. This European Standard shall be given the status of a National Standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2007 and conflicting National Standards shall be withdrawn at latest by March 2010. Thi
28、s Eurocode supersedes ENV 1993-4-1:1999. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the National Standard Organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Gr
29、eece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Background of the Eurocode programme In 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action
30、 programme in the field of construction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the elimination of technical obstacles to trade and the harmonisation of technical specifications. Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of har
31、monised technical rules for the design of construction works which, in a first stage, would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the Member States and, ultimately, would replace them. For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee with Representatives o
32、f Member States, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the first generation of European codes in the 1980s. In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decided, on the basis of an agreement1)between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation
33、 and the publication of the Eurocodes to the CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them with a future status of European Standard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of all the Councils Directives and/or Commissions Decisions dealing with European standards (e
34、.g. the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on construction products - CPD - and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and 89/440/EEC on public works and services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of setting up the internal market). The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the follow
35、ing standards generally consisting of a number of Parts: EN1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design EN1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures EN1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures EN1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete struc
36、tures EN1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures 1)Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) concerning the work on EUROCODES for the design of building and civil engineering works (BC/CEN/03/89). BS EN 1993-4-1:2007EN 1993-
37、4-1:2007 (E)5 EN1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures EN1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design EN1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance EN1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures Eurocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each M
38、ember State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level where these continue to vary from State to State. Status and field of application of Eurocodes The Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that EUROCODES serve as reference docu
39、ments for the following purposes: as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N1 - Mechanical resistance and stability - and Essential Requirement N2 - Safety in case of fir
40、e ; as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services ; as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products (ENs and ETAs) The Eurocodes, as far as they concern the construction works themselves, have a direct relation
41、ship with the Interpretative Documents2)referred to in Article 12 of the CPD, although they are of a different nature from harmonised product standards3). Therefore, technical aspects arising from the Eurocodes work need to be adequately considered by CEN Technical Committees and/or EOTA Working Gro
42、ups working on product standards with a view to achieving full compatibility of these technical specifications with the Eurocodes. The Eurocode standards provide common structural design rules for everyday use for the design of whole structures and component products of both a traditional and an inn
43、ovative nature. Unusual forms of construction or design conditions are not specifically covered and additional expert consideration will be required by the designer in such cases. National Standards implementing Eurocodes The National Standards implementing Eurocodes will comprise the full text of t
44、he Eurocode (including any annexes), as published by CEN, which may be preceded by a National title page and National foreword, and may be followed by a National Annex. The National Annex may only contain information on those parameters which are left open in the Eurocode for national choice, known
45、as Nationally Determined Parameters, to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the country concerned, i.e. : 2)According to Art. 3.3 of the CPD, the essential requirements (ERs) shall be given concrete form in interpretative documents for the creation of
46、 the necessary links between the essential requirements and the mandates for harmonised ENs and ETAGs/ETAs. 3)According to Art. 12 of the CPD the interpretative documents shall : a) give concrete form to the essential requirements by harmonising the terminology and the technical bases and indicating
47、 classes or levels for each requirement where necessary ; b) indicate methods of correlating these classes or levels of requirement with the technical specifications, e.g. methods of calculation and of proof, technical rules for project design, etc. ; c) serve as a reference for the establishment of
48、 harmonised standards and guidelines for European technical approvals. The Eurocodes, de facto, play a similar role in the field of the ER 1 and a part of ER 2. BS EN 1993-4-1:2007EN 1993-4-1:2007 (E)6 values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the Eurocode, values to be used where a symb
49、ol only is given in the Eurocode, country specific data (geographical, climatic, etc), e.g. snow map, the procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in the Eurocode. It may also contain: decisions on the application of informative annexes, references to non-contradictory complementary information to assist the user to apply the Eurocode. Links between Eurocodes and harmonised technical specifications (ENs and ETAs) for products There is a need for consistency between the harmonised technical specifications for constructi
