1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 3114-001:2006Aerospace series Test method Microstructure of ( + ) titanium alloy wrought products Part 001: General requirementsThe European Standard EN 3114-001:2006 has the status of a British StandardICS 49.025.10g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g4
2、4g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS EN 3114-001:2006This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 58
3、0 50081 7National forewordThis British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of EN 3114-001:2006.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee ACE/61, Metallic materials for aerospace purposes, to Panel ACE/61/-/49, Titanium and its alloys.A list o
4、f organizations represented on ACE/61/-/49 can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal oblig
5、ations.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 3114-001 December 2006 ICS 49.025.10 English Version Aerospace series - Test method - Microstructure of ( + ) titanium alloy wrought products - Part 001: General requirements Srie aro
6、spatiale - Mthode dessai - Microstructure des produits corroys en alliage de titane ( + ) - Partie 001 : Exigences gnrales Luft- und Raumfahrt - Prfverfahren - Mikrogefge Kneterzeugnisse von Titanlegierung ( + ) - Teil 001: Allgemeine Anforderungen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 Oc
7、tober 2006. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be o
8、btained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central S
9、ecretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
10、 Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by an
11、y means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 3114-001:2006: E2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Sampling.4 4 Preparation of the microsections.5 5 Assessment7 6 Description of microstructures 7 EN 3114-001:20063 Foreword This document (E
12、N 3114-001:2006) has been prepared by the Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe - Standardization (ASD-STAN). After enquiries and votes carried out in accordance with the rules of this Association, this Standard has received the approval of the National Associations and the Official
13、 Services of the member countries of ASD, prior to its presentation to CEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
14、latest by June 2007. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national s
15、tandards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal
16、, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. EN 3114-001:20064 Introduction This standard is part of the series of EN metallic material standards for aerospace applications. The general organization of this series is described in EN 4258. 1 Scope This standard sp
17、ecifies the conditions for micrographic examination of ( + ) titanium alloy wrought products and description of terms used. Specific microstructures applicable to each type of product are defined in EN 3114-002 to EN 3114-004. This standard shall be applied in conjunction with EN material standards,
18、 which define the acceptance criteria unless otherwise specified on the order. It is applicable to: bars, sections, forging stock and forgings (EN 3114-002); plate (EN 3114-003); sheet for superplastic forming (EN 3114-004). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable
19、 for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 3114-002, Aerospace series Microstructure of ( + ) titanium alloy wrought products Part 002: Micro
20、structure of bars, sections, forging stock and forgings. EN 3114-003, Aerospace series Microstructure of ( + ) titanium alloy wrought products Part 003: Microstructure of plate. EN 3114-004, Aerospace series Microstructure of ( + ) titanium alloy wrought products Part 004: Microstructure of sheet fo
21、r superplastic forming. EN 4258, Aerospace series Metallic materials General organization of standardization Links between types of EN standards and their use. 3 Sampling The sampling and its frequency shall be as defined in the relevant technical specification and/or order. The sampling sections sh
22、all be at least 10 mm, in thickness or length. Samples shall preferably be taken by sawing. Cold work hardened zones shall be avoided or removed. If the sampling material is taken by abrasive cut off or flame cutting, the resulting heat affected zone shall be completely removed in the course of samp
23、le preparation. EN 3114-001:20065 4 Preparation of the microsections 4.1 General The surface of the sample sections to be examined shall be prepared by machining and grinding and polishing to ensure that the microstructure is clearly defined after etching. In the case of electrolytic polishing, grin
24、ding may be omitted. The method of preparation shall not change, contaminate or deform the surface microstructure. 4.2 Grinding Resin bonded alumina, zirconia or silicon carbide paper shall be used for grinding. The pressure shall be as low as possible in order to avoid any cold work hardening of th
25、e surface of the microsection. 4.3 Polishing Polishing may be accomplished mechanically and/or electrolytically. The following solution is recommended for electrolytic polishing: 700 ml methanol; 200 ml butylglycol; 60 ml perchloric acid. 4.4 Etching The etchants and their typical composition indica
26、ted in Table 1 may be used for development of microstructure. EN 3114-001:20066 Table 1 Etching of titanium alloys Reagent Vol. % Remarks Use 1 Hydrofluoric acid (40 %) Nitric acid (65 %) Water up to 8 40 100 Swab or immerse Micro etch Macro etch (Etching time up to several minutes) 2 Hydrofluoric a
27、cid (40 %) Nitric acid (65 %) Water up to 2 10 100 Swab or immerse Bright grain boundary etch 3 Hydrofluoric acid (40 %) Benzalkonium chloride Methyl alcohol Glycerol 2 to 6 19 35 40 Swab Avoid overetching Avoid water in etch solution Stain etch Stain or depending on the heat treatment condition 4 H
28、ydrofluoric acid (40 %) Water up to 0,5 100 Swab or immerse Stain etch 5 Hydrofluoric acid (40 %) Nitric acid (65 %) Glycerol up to 2 to 20 5 to 25 100 Swab Glycerol acts as inhibitor Bright etch Slower etch than 1 6 Potassium hydroxide Hydrogen peroxide (30 %) Water up to 10 15 100 Immerse (70-80)
29、C Grain boundaries, subgrain boundaries. Stains and transformed , retained not stained. Orientation sensitive, develops contrast between grains. 7 Hydrofluoric acid (40 %) Nitric acid (65 %) Lactic acid 20 20 60 Swab rigorously Chemical polish and etch 8 Hydrochloric acid (40 %) Nitric acid (65 %) L
30、actic acid 10 25 65 Swab General etch 9 Hydrofluoric acid (40 %) Nitric acid (65 %) Water up to 10 15 100 Swab or immersion + 1 min in ammonium bifluoride 20 g/l Etch for segregation 10 Nitric acid (65 %) Water up to 25 100 Swab or immersion Removal of copper surface layer 11 Hydrofluoric acid (40 %
31、) Nitric acid (65 %) Hydrogen peroxide (30 %) Water up to 1 2 50 100 Spray wash Removal of tin surface layer EN 3114-001:20067 5 Assessment The prepared surface shall be examined at the same magnification as that of the reference photomicrograph. 6 Description of microstructures 6.1 Acicular A trans
32、formation product arising, during cooling, by nucleation and growth on preferred planes of the primary phase, or by martensitic transformation and growth. It appears in acicular form, as pointed lamellae, or plates. 6.2 enriched zone (Blocky ) A coarse area of by comparison with the primary grain of
33、 the matrix. Such areas are frequently accompanied by grain boundary . Microhardness is not significantly different from that of the matrix. 6.3 phase () The stable sub- transus phase with close packed hexagonal crystal structure. 6.4 + structure Microstructure containing and phases in various forms
34、. 6.5 stabilized hard zone High Interstitial Defect (HID) Zone of higher stabilized content, significantly harder than the surrounding structure. Normally caused through local oxygen and/or nitrogen enrichment. 6.6 stabilized surface ( case) A surface zone enriched mainly by oxygen or less often by
35、nitrogen or carbon, in which the phase is stabilized. The case result from elevated temperature exposure to environments containing these elements. case is hard, brittle and considered detrimental. 6.7 stabilizer Element preferentially dissolving in the phase, and which increases the and transus tem
36、peratures. 6.8 stringer In comparison with the fine + matrix, clearly defined coarse elongated phase. 6.9 transus The temperature which determines the boundary between and + fields - also known as / + transition temperature. EN 3114-001:20068 6.10 Aluminium enriched zone Zones in which an increased
37、amount of -stabilizing aluminium leads to higher percentage of -phase compared with the matrix. In comparison with the matrix structure, such areas show relatively little hardness increase, also called soft . 6.11 Banded structure Structure in which the components are orientated in the direction of
38、maximum work in a fibrous plate-like form. 6.12 Basket weave plates or lamellae with or without phase between them. In this case the phase is oriented in “groups“ like a woven basket (Figure 1). 6.13 eutectoid stabilizer Alloying element which dissolves preferentially in the phase and lowers the tra
39、nsus temperature. The phase may decompose via an eutectoid reaction, into + intermetallic compound. 6.14 fleck Zones of low or zero primary in an + structure. They have a noticeably lower transus temperature than surrounding structure. 6.15 grain size After transformation from the field, grain size
40、can be retained as the macro grain size. With + working, the shape of the original grains may be changed. 6.16 soluble isomorphous element An element showing continuous solubility in the phase. The transus temperature is lowered, without an eutectoid reaction. 6.17 phase () The stable phase above th
41、e transus, having body centered cubic crystal structure. 6.18 stabilizer Element dissolving preferentially in the phase, and which lowers the transus temperature. 6.19 transus The temperature which specifies the boundary between the + range and the range, also designated as the + / transformation te
42、mperature. 6.20 Colonies Zones within prior grain boundaries, and having parallel plates. EN 3114-001:20069 6.21 Elongated phase in fibrous form, arising primarily from unidirectional deformation. 6.22 Equiaxed with a rounded or polygonal appearance with similar dimensions in all directions. 6.23 Gl
43、obular phase, primarily showing circular shape. 6.24 Grain boundary The phase appearing at prior grain boundaries. It can encompass the complete prior grain. 6.25 Hydride phase Brittle intermetallic compound of composition TiHx. It can appear when the solubility limit for hydrogen is exceeded. 6.26
44、Intermetallic compound A compound formed between alloying elements in an alloy system with at least one field of limited solubility. 6.27 Interstitial element Element of relatively small atomic diameter (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen) which can occupy sites between the titanium lattice. 6.
45、28 Lamellar Parallel orientation of elongated phase. 6.29 Lean area See 6.14 fleck. 6.30 Martensitic A supersaturated phase, not in equilibrium, arising from diffusionless transformation of the phase (Hexagonal or orthorhombic ). It is often difficult to distinguish martensitic from acicular . 6.31
46、Matrix Matrix is the uniformly distributed microstructural background. The matrix can be single or multiphase. 6.32 Omega phase () Omega is an intermediate phase which can arise from transformation of metastable into equilibrium . It cannot be seen under an optical microscope. In alloys with content
47、 or in metastable alloys it can occur at ageing temperatures and lead to a decrease in formability. EN 3114-001:200610 6.33 Primary phase arising through recrystallisation or growth following hot forming or annealing in the + field. 6.34 Plate-like Coarse phase which precipitates on preferred planes
48、 of the phase during transformation from to + , frequently in colonies or a Widmannsttten structure. 6.35 “Serrated“ grains Irregular grains with grain boundaries of a sawtooth nature. 6.36 Substitution element An element which by virtue of a similar atomic diameter similar to titanium, can replace titanium atoms in the lattice. 6.37 Transformed structure This refers to + structures produced by nucleation and growth via transformation from the phase. Transformation occurs during cooling from temperature above the transus. The transformed structure consists of platelets or in multiphased s
