1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 657:2005Thermal spraying Terminology, classificationThe European Standard EN 657:2005 has the status of a British StandardICS 01.040.25; 25.220.20g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g
2、53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Nov 30 01:57:02 GMT 2005, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 657:2005This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 29 September 2005 BSI 29 Se
3、ptember 2005ISBN 0 580 46686 8National forewordThis British Standard is the official English language version of EN 657:2005. It supersedes BS EN 657:1994 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee STI/40, Thermally sprayed inorganic finishes, whi
4、ch has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in
5、 the UK.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “Internatio
6、nal Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British S
7、tandard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 21 and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Amendments
8、 issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsLicensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Nov 30 01:57:02 GMT 2005, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 657 March 2005 ICS 01.040.25; 25.220.20 Supersedes EN 657:1994 English version Thermal spraying - Terminology, clas
9、sification Projection thermique - Terminologie, classification Thermische Spritzen - Begriffe, Einteilung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 February 2005. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European S
10、tandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, Fren
11、ch, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Repub
12、lic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISA
13、TION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 657:2005: ELicensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Nov 30 01:57:02 GMT 2005, Uncontrolled Copy
14、, (c) BSIEN 657:2005 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Terms and definitions .4 4 Process variations.4 5 Process descriptions 6 6 Thermal spraying terms .14 Annex A (informative) Master chart of thermal spraying processes Classification according to the energy carrie
15、rs.20 Bibliography 21 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Nov 30 01:57:02 GMT 2005, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 657:2005 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 657:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 240 “Thermal spraying and thermally sprayed coatings”, the secretariat of which is held by
16、 DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2005. This document supersedes EN 657:1994. A
17、ccording to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lit
18、huania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Nov 30 01:57:02 GMT 2005, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 657:2005 (E) 4 1 Scope This document defines processes and general terms for th
19、ermal spraying. It classifies thermal spraying processes according to type of spray material, to type of operation and to type of energy carrier. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition c
20、ited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 14923, Thermal spraying Characterization and testing of thermal sprayed coatings (ISO 14923:2003) EN ISO 17836, Thermal spraying Determination of the deposition efficiency f
21、or thermal spraying (ISO 17836:2004) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following term and definition applies. 3.1 thermal spraying (TS) process in which surfacing materials are heated to the plastic or molten state, inside or outside of the spraying gun/torch, and then p
22、ropelled on to a prepared surface; the substrate remains unmelted NOTE To obtain specific properties of the deposit, a subsequent thermal, mechanical or sealing treatment may be used. 4 Process variations 4.1 Classification according to the type of spray material Distinction of the following variati
23、ons: wire spraying; rod spraying; cord spraying; powder spraying; molten-bath spraying. 4.2 Classification according to the operation 4.2.1 Manual spraying All operations typical of the spraying process are manual. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Nov 30 01:57:02 GMT 2005, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
24、EN 657:2005 (E) 5 4.2.2 Mechanised spraying All operations typical of the spraying process are mechanised. 4.2.3 Automatic spraying All operations typical of the spraying process are fully mechanised including all handling, e.g. workpiece loading and unloading, and are integrated in a programmed sys
25、tem. 4.3 Classification according to the energy carrier Abbreviations of spray processes listed In classification according to the energy carrier sub-classifications are necessary due to different spray materials. Annex A provides a master chart of the spray processes with sub-classifications. Table
26、 1 Classification and abbreviations of spray processes Spray processes Classification according to energy carrier Process abbreviations Process description in subclause TS by atomising a melt Molten-bath spraying MBS 5.1 Wire flame spraying WFS 5.2.2 High velocity wire flame spraying HVWFS 5.2.3 Pow
27、der flame spraying PFS 5.2.4 High velocity flame spraying HVOF 5.3 / 5.3.1 / 5.3.2 TS by means of gaseous or liquid fuels Detonation spraying DGS 5.4 TS by means of expansion of highly pressurised gases without combustion Cold spraying CGS 5.5 Arc spraying AS 5.6.1 Shrouded arc spraying SAS 5.6.2 Pl
28、asma spraying in air APS 5.7.1 Shrouded plasma spraying SPS 5.7.2 Plasma spraying in a chamber under vacuum VPS 5.7.3 Plasma spraying in a chamber at pressures exceeding 1 bar HPPS 5.7.3 Liquid stabilised plasma spraying LSPS 5.8.1 TS by means of electric arc or gas discharge Inductively coupled pla
29、sma spraying ICPS 5.8.2 TS by means of a bundled light stream Laser spraying LS 5.9 Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Nov 30 01:57:02 GMT 2005, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 657:2005 (E) 6 5 Process descriptions 5.1 Molten-bath spraying A surfacing material is heated to the molten state, in most cases
30、 in a reservoir, and propelled on to the prepared substrate by a preheated atomising gas, e.g. compressed air. See Figure 1. Key 1 Atomising gas 2 Gas inlet 3 Molten metal 4 Resistance heating 5 Spray stream 6 Spray deposit 7 Substrate Figure 1 Molten-bath spraying 5.2 Flame spraying 5.2.1 General F
31、lame spraying is a process in which a surfacing material is heated in an oxy-fuel gas flame and then propelled in atomised form on to a substrate. The material may be initially in the form of powder, rod, cord or wire. The hot material is projected on to the substrate by the oxy-fuel gas jet alone o
32、r with the additional aid of an atomising gas, e.g. compressed air. 5.2.2 Wire flame spraying In wire flame spraying, the metal wire to be deposited is supplied to the gun continuously. It is heated to the molten state by the oxy-fuel gas flame and propelled on to the prepared substrate surface by t
33、he additional aid of an atomising gas, e.g. compressed air. See Figure 2. Key 1 Compressed air 2 Fuel gas 3 Oxygen 4 Wire or rod 5 Wire feed mechanism 6 Spray deposit 7 Substrate 8 Melting wire tip 9 Spray stream Figure 2 Wire flame spraying Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Nov 30 01:57:02 GMT 2005,
34、 Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 657:2005 (E) 7 The fuel gases predominantly used are, e.g. acetylene, propane and hydrogen. Variations are rod flame spraying where cut lengths of material rod are used, and cord flame spraying where cords of surfacing material are used. 5.2.3 High velocity wire flame s
35、praying Essential higher gas pressures are used for high velocity wire flame spraying contrary to processes usually applied. Consequently, a finer atomisation of the molten wire tip and higher particle velocities are obtained. In addition, these systems use a stream of compressed air, which serves f
36、or cooling as well as for accelerating the flame stream. The coating properties are improved due to less porosity and higher tensile adhesive strength. 5.2.4 Powder flame spraying With this method, the material to be sprayed is supplied to the gun in powder form and heated to the plastic or partiall
37、y or completely molten state in the oxy-fuel gas flame. It is propelled on to the prepared substrate by the expanding fuel gas. In some cases, an additional gas jet may be used to accelerate the powder particles. See Figure 3. Key 1 Flame 2 Fuel gas 3 Oxygen 4 Powder and carrier gas 5 Spray stream 6
38、 Spray deposit 7 Substrate Figure 3 Powder flame spraying 5.3 High velocity flame spraying 5.3.1 High velocity flame spraying with gaseous fuel In high velocity flame spraying continuous combustion is obtained in the combustion chamber which, in conjunction with the expanding nozzle, produces an ext
39、remely high velocity in the gas jet. The spray material is injected axially into the combustion chamber or radially into the high velocity gas stream. The location to the powder injection will result in a different dwell time in the flame, which will affect the particle velocity and temperature. Coa
40、tings of high density and adhesion are produced by the high kinetic energy imparted to the spray stream. See Figure 4. Fuel gases like acetylene, propane, propylene, methylacetylene-propadene and hydrogen can be applied. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Nov 30 01:57:02 GMT 2005, Uncontrolled Copy, (
41、c) BSIEN 657:2005 (E) 8 Key 1 Compressed air 2 Fuel gas 3 Oxygen 4 Powder and carrier gas 5 Spray stream 6 Spray deposit 7 Substrate Figure 4 High velocity flame spraying with gaseous fuels 5.3.2 High velocity flame spraying with liquid fuel In high velocity flame spraying with liquid fuel like kero
42、sene, N-paraffin a. o. higher combustion pressure are applied compared to spraying with gaseous fuel. The spray powder is radially injected at a position, where the combustion gases are expanded completely and already somewhat cooled down. This creates coatings of higher density and higher adhesive
43、strength values. Eventually, residual stresses on pressure may be generated in the coating. See Figure 5. Key 1 Combustion chamber 2 Liquid fuel 3 Oxygen 4 Powder and carrier gas 5 Spray stream 6 Spray deposit 7 Substrate Figure 5 High velocity flame spraying with liquid fuels 5.4 Detonation sprayin
44、g In detonation spraying, the gun contains a chamber into which certain quantities of a powder are injected. The gas mixture in the chamber is detonated at controlled intervals. This creates a hot, high velocity gas stream that heats the powder to its plastic or partially or completely molten state
45、and accelerates the particles as they leave the gun barrel. The detonation gun consists of the barrel and the gun chamber. The injected gas and powder mixture are ignited by an electric spark. The resulting shock wave generated in the barrel accelerates the particles, which are further heated in the
46、 flame front and are propelled in a directed jet on to the prepared substrate. Nitrogen is used to flush clean the gun chamber and barrel after every detonation. See Figure 6. Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Nov 30 01:57:02 GMT 2005, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIEN 657:2005 (E) 9 Key 1 Ignition 2 Fuel
47、 gas 3 Oxygen 4 Powder and carrier gas 5 Spray stream 6 Spray deposit 7 Substrate 8 Flush gas nitrogen Figure 6 Detonation spraying 5.5 Cold spraying In the cold spraying process a gas (especially nitrogen) is accelerated to supersonic velocity in a de-Laval-type nozzle. The spray material is inject
48、ed into the gas jet in powder form upstream of the nozzle and then propelled with high kinetic and less thermal energy on to the substrate. Above a certain particle velocity which is characteristic of the respective spray material, the particles form a dense and solid adhesive coating upon impact. E
49、xternal heating up the gas jet e.g. in an electric heated continuous heater increases the flow velocity of the gas and also the particle velocity. The related rise in particle temperature assists the deformation upon impact. However, the gas temperature is clearly below the melting temperature of the spray material, which means the particles cannot be melted in the gas jet. Consequently, drawbacks like oxidation and other phase transformations can be avoided. Figure 7 shows the process schematically. Key 1 Process gas 2 Laval nozzle 3 P
