1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ICS 13.110; 13.180
2、NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Safety of machinery Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and control actuators Part 1. General principles for human interactions with displays and control actuators +A1:200 894-1:1997 8National foreword This British
3、 Standard is the UK implementation of EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008. It supersedes BS EN 894-1:1997 which is withdrawn. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number of the CEN amendment. For example, te
4、xt altered by CEN amendment A1 is indicated by !“. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PH/9, Applied ergonomics. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include al
5、l the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. BS EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Comments 30 June 2009 Implementation of CEN amen
6、dment A1:2008 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 July 1997 BSI 2009 ISBN 978 0 580 64055 1 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 894-1:1997+A1 October 2008 ICS 13.110; 13.180 Supersedes EN 894-1:1997 English Versi
7、on Safety of machinery - Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and control actuators - Part 1: General principles for human interactions with displays and control actuators Scurit des machines - Spcifications ergonomiques pour la conception des dispositifs de signalisation et des organe
8、s de service - Partie 1: Principes gnraux des interactions entre lhomme et les dispositifs de signalisation et organes de service Sicherheit von Maschinen - Ergonomische Anforderungen an die Gestaltung von Anzeigen und Stellteilen - Teil 1: Allgemeine Leitstze fr Benutzer-Interaktion mit Anzeigen un
9、d Stellteilen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 January 1997 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 14 August 2008. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national s
10、tandard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any ot
11、her language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estoni
12、a, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPI
13、SCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008: EEN 894-1:1997+A1:2008 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 4
14、 2 Normative references 4 3 Definitions 4 4 Design principles for operator-task relationships .5 4.1 Suitability for the task .5 4.1.1 Principle of function allocation 6 4.1.2 Principle of complexity .6 4.1.3 Principle of grouping.6 4.1.4 Principle of identification7 4.1.5 Principle of operational r
15、elationship .7 4.2 Self-descriptiveness7 4.2.1 Principle of information availability.7 4.3 Controllability.7 4.3.1 Principle of redundancy8 4.3.2 Principle of accessibility.8 4.3.3 Principle of movement space .8 4.4 Conformity with user expectations8 4.4.1 Principle of compatibility with learning.8
16、4.4.2 Principle of compatibility with practice.9 4.4.3 Principle of consistency .9 4.5 Error tolerance .9 4.5.1 Principle of error correction .9 4.5.2 Principle of error handling time .9 4.6 Suitability for individualisation and learning10 4.6.1 Principle of flexibility.10 Annex A (informative) Huma
17、n information processing.11 Annex ZA (informative) ! ! ! !Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC, amended by 98/79/EC“ “ “ “ .18 Annex ZB (informative) ! ! ! !Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU
18、 Directive 2006/42/EC“ “ “ “.19 BS EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national
19、 standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2009. This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2008-08-14. This document supersedes EN 894-1:1997. The s
20、tart and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! “ This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). !For relat
21、ionship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this document.“ According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, C
22、yprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. BS EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008EN 894-1:1997+
23、A1:2008 (E) 4 Introduction This standard has been prepared to be a harmonized standard in the sense of the Machinery Directive and associated EFTA regulations. 1 Scope This European Standard applies to the design of displays and control actuators on machinery. It specifies general principles for hum
24、an interaction with displays and control actuators, to minimise operator errors and to ensure an efficient interaction between the operator and the equipment. It is particularly important to observe these principles when an operator error may lead to injury or damage to health. 2 Normative reference
25、s This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated reference subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these p
26、ublications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN 292-1, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology.
27、 EN 292-2, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 2: Technical principles and specifications. EN 418, Safety of machinery Emergency stop equipment, functional aspects Principles for design. EN 614-1, Safety of machinery Ergonomics design principles Part 1: Termino
28、logy and general principles. prEN 894-2, Safety of machinery Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and control actuators Part 2: Displays. prEN 894-3, Safety of machinery Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and control actuators Part 3: Control actuators. EN ISO 9241-10,
29、Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) Part 10: Dialogue principles. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the following definitions apply: 3.1 control actuator the part of the control actuating system that is directly actuated by the operator
30、, e.g. by applying pressure BS EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008 (E) 5 3.2 display device for presenting information that can change with the aim of making things visible, audible or discriminable by touch (tactile) 3.3 operator the person or persons given the task of installing, operating,
31、 adjusting, maintaining, cleaning, repairing or transporting machinery EN 292-1. 4 Design principles for operator-task relationships Human-machine systems are considered here as closed loops: the machine displays information to the operator who uses control actuators to affect the machine, which in
32、turn provides feedback to the operator, etc. Human-machine systems can comprise any number of man-machine units or subsystems, in which a single operator interacts with a machine or process. Several subsystems may act independently or interact with each other. When considering the requirements for a
33、 particular human-machine subsystem it is important to assess how it interacts with the system as a whole. Moreover, human-machine systems are part of more complex systems. For example, the physical environment (noise, lighting, etc.) as well as the social and organisational environment can affect t
34、he efficient operation of human-machine systems. Knowledge of ergonomics principles is the basis for a successful implementation of a human-machine system. In particular, it is important to ensure that systems are designed as an iterative process between the designer and the users. EN 614-1 provides
35、 a framework for incorporating ergonomics principles in the design process that shall be taken into account when designing machines. This framework can help designers to take account of the principles in this standard. An important factor to consider is the degree to which the human operator is need
36、ed in the system in order to accomplish the given task. The informative annex A summarizes information on the capabilities of humans when interacting with machines. The designer shall consider if the planned allocation of a particular function in a man-machine system is in accordance with human capa
37、bilities. If this is not the case, the designer shall redesign the system. A result of the redesign may be a (sub) system without the involvement of an operator. The overall principle which concerns human-machine systems is that the machine and its associated elements (displays, controls, instructio
38、ns, etc) shall be suitable for the operator and the given task. In order to realise this general principle, the machine system shall be so designed that human characteristics with respect to physical, psychological and social aspects are considered. The following clauses present ergonomics principle
39、s that shall be considered when designing a human-machine system. Some guidance on methods which can be used to achieve the principles is also given. It should be noted that this list is not exhaustive but provides a good indication of practical measures which should be considered. EN ISO 9241-10 gi
40、ves further information on these principles when applied to software. When trying to comply with these requirements it is important that the selected solutions shall be tested under realistic conditions (see EN 614-1). 4.1 Suitability for the task A human-machine system is suitable for the task if i
41、t supports the operator in the safe, effective and efficient completion of the task. BS EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008 (E) 6 4.1.1 Principle of function allocation The most suitable allocation of functions between the operator and the machine should be decided after considering the requi
42、rements of the task and the strengths and limitations of the human operator. Application: Ensure the machine does not place unacceptable demands on the operator in terms of, for example, speed and accuracy of response, forces required to operate control actuators, vigilance for small changes in disp
43、lay status. 4.1.2 Principle of complexity As far as consistent with the task requirements, possibilities shall be offered to reduce complexity. Special consideration shall be given to the complexity of the task structure and the type and amount of the information to be processed by the operator. App
44、lication: When designing human-machine interaction then speed and accuracy are important variables to consider. Those factors which influence these variables need to be determined. For example, in check reading, the operator makes a qualitative assessment that the system is within acceptable boundar
45、ies. The accuracy of such readings may be enhanced if the pointers of the displays are arranged into a pattern so that it is easy to determine if one or several of the pointers deviate from the normal pattern (see prEN 894-2). 4.1.3 Principle of grouping Arrange displays and control actuators so tha
46、t they are easy to use in combination by following procedures for grouping items. Application: Where control actuators and displays are operated in a certain fixed sequence, they shall be arranged in that sequence. This arrangement helps the operator to remember the sequence and it decreases respons
47、e time and leads to fewer errors. Where control actuators and displays are not operated in a fixed sequence then the grouping should be determined using the following aspects: a) The importance for the safe use of the machine; b) The frequency of use in regular machine operation; c) The use of eleme
48、nts in a sub-sequence (for example, start up controls like the ignition, choke and starter on a car); d) The functional relationship between elements (for example, the wiper and wash controls on a car). The above aspects are not mutually exclusive and several elements may appear in more than one cat
49、egory. Consequently the location of displays and control actuators should be arranged so that: a) The important and frequently used items are in the most accessible positions; b) Items in sub-sequences are then placed together; BS EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008 (E) 7 c) Functionally related items are placed in groups with visual and spatial separation from other items. Important displays and control actuators, such as those used for emergencies shall be designed and positioned so that they can be used quickly and accurately. Guidance on emerg
