1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 14412:2004 Indoor air quality Diffusive samplers for the determination of concentration of gases and vapours Guide for selection, use and maintenance The European Standard EN 14412:2004 has the status of a British Standard ICS 13.040.20 BS EN 14412:2004 This British Standard w
2、as published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 22 September 2004 BSI 22 September 2004 ISBN 0 580 44493 7 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 14412:2004. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Te
3、chnical Committee EH/2, Air quality, to Subcommittee EH/2/2, Workplace atmospheres, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European
4、publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all th
5、e necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on th
6、e interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 52, an inside back cover
7、and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEANSTANDARD NORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHENORM EN14412 September2004 ICS13.040.20 Englishversion IndoorairqualityDiffusivesampl
8、ersforthedeterminationof concentrationsofgasesandvapoursGuideforselection,use andmaintenance QualitdelairintrieurEchantillonneurspardiffusion pourladterminationdelaconcentrationdesgazetdes vapeursGuidepourlaslection,lutilisationetla maintenance InnenraumluftqualittPassivsammlerzurBestimmungder Konze
9、ntrationenvonGasenundDmpfenAnleitungzur Auswahl,AnwendungundHandhabung ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon9July2004. CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEurope an Standardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Uptodateli
10、stsandbibliographicalreferencesconcernings uchnational standardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCentralSecretariatortoanyCENmember. ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytra nslation undertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguag
11、eandnotifiedtotheCentralSecretariathasthesamestatusast heofficial versions. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France, Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,
12、 Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2004CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.N
13、o.EN14412:2004:EEN 14412:2004 (E) 2 Contents page Foreword. 4 1 Scope . 6 2 Normative references . 6 3 Terms and definitions. 6 4 Symbols and abbreviations . 9 5 Operating principles. 9 5.1 Principle of diffusive sampling 9 5.2 Dimensions of diffusive uptake rate. 10 5.3 Bias due to the selection of
14、 a non-ideal sorbent. 11 5.4 Environmental factors affecting sampler performance 11 5.4.1 Temperature and pressure 11 5.4.2 Humidity. 11 5.4.3 Transients 12 5.4.4 The influence of air velocity 12 5.4.5 Transportation. 13 6 Measurement objectives 13 6.1 General. 13 6.2 Identification of causes of com
15、plaints about poor indoor air quality. 13 6.3 Determination of reference values for indoor air quality 13 6.4 Compliance with limit or guideline values for indoor air 14 6.5 Identification of indoor pollutant sources 14 6.6 Testing of effectiveness of remedial action.14 6.7 Analysis of trends in ind
16、oor air quality 14 6.8 Assessment of concentrations in indoor air at abnormal or “worst-case“ conditions. 14 6.9 Personal monitoring. 14 6.10 Validation of indoor pollution models 14 6.11 Measurement of mean ventilation rates .14 6.12 Aim of quality control with parallel measurements involving diffe
17、rent methods 15 7 Measurement strategy 15 7.1 General. 15 7.2 Elements of sampling strategy 15 7.2.1 General. 15 7.2.2 Time of sampling 15 7.2.3 Sampling duration and sampling frequency 16 7.2.4 Location of samplers 17 7.2.5 Simultaneous ambient air measurements 17 7.2.6 Supplementary information .
18、18 7.2.7 Uncertainty 18 7.3 Measurement strategy with respect to defined measurement objectives 18 7.3.1 General. 18 7.3.2 Identification of causes of complaints about poor indoor air quality. 18 7.3.3 Determining reference values of indoor air quality. 20 7.3.4 Control of limit and guideline values
19、 21 7.3.5 Identification of air pollutant sources. 22 7.3.6 Testing of effectiveness of remedial actions. 23 7.3.7 Analysis of trends in indoor air quality 24 7.3.8 Assessment of concentrations in indoor air at abnormal or “worst-case“ conditions. 25 7.3.9 Personal monitoring. 26 EN 14412:2004 (E) 3
20、 7.3.10 Validation of indoor pollution models.27 7.3.11 Measurement of mean ventilation rates28 7.3.12 Aim of quality control with parallel measurements involving different methods.28 8 Selection of a sampling method 29 8.1 Sources of information on the maintenance of diffusive samplers .29 8.2 Sele
21、ction of a sampler 29 9 Requirements for training.30 10 Quality assurance and quality control 30 Annex A (informative) Types of diffusive samplers33 Annex B (informative) Limit values/Guideline values.36 Annex C (informative) Calculation of diffusion coefficients and uptake rates 38 C.1 Calculation
22、of diffusion coefficients .38 C.2 Simple method to calculate uptake rates41 C.3 Literature on values of diffusive coefficients .43 Annex D (informative) Characteristics of some diffusive samplers .44 Bibliography46 EN 14412:2004 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 14412:2004) has been prepared by Techn
23、ical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air Quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
24、at the latest by March 2005. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Icelan
25、d, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EN 14412:2004 (E) 5 Introduction European Standard EN 13528 specifies requirements and test methods for the determination of performance
26、characteristics of diffusive samplers used for the determination of concentrations of gases and vapours in ambient and indoor atmospheres. Additionally this document provides a guidance for the user when selecting an appropriate type of sampler, measurement strategy and maintenance procedure. EN 135
27、28 is a multi-part standard having the following parts: Part 1 (Ambient air quality Diffusive samplers for the determination of concentrations of gases and vapours Requirements and test methods): General requirements. Part 2 (Ambient air quality Diffusive samplers for the determination of concentrat
28、ions of gases and vapours Requirements and test methods): Specific requirements and test methods. Part 3 (Ambient air quality Diffusive samplers for the determination of concentrations of gases and vapours Requirements and test methods): Guide to selection, use and maintenance. Because of the import
29、ance of these samplers in the process of monitoring, diffusive samplers used to measure indoor air quality have to fulfil some general requirements related to the sampling objective. These requirements are given in EN 13528-1 for measuring ambient air quality. The same principles apply to measuring
30、indoor air although the target values have yet to be set by the Regulatory Authorities at either National, European or International level. These requirements include unambiguity, selectivity and data quality objectives, including uncertainty. In addition, diffusive samplers used to measure ambient
31、and indoor air quality have to also fulfil some specific requirements in addition to those specified in EN 13528-1. These specific requirements are given in EN 13528-2 for measuring ambient air quality. The same principles apply to measuring indoor air. These requirements include desorption efficien
32、cy, diffusive uptake rate and sensitivity to air velocity. Such general and specific requirements may also be appropriate for other measuring objectives used in the assessment of indoor air quality. It is the users primary responsibility to choose appropriate procedures or devices that meet the requ
33、irements of this document. One way of doing this is to obtain information or confirmation from the manufacturer. Type testing, or more generally, the assessment of performance criteria of procedures or devices, may be undertaken by the manufacturer, user, test house or research and development labor
34、atory, as is most appropriate. EN 13528-3 gives guidance on the selection, use and maintenance of diffusive samplers used to measure ambient air quality. For the special tasks of sampling workplace air, the regulations of the European Standard EN 482 1 and EN 838 apply. This document on the use of d
35、iffusive samplers for indoor air has been created in addition to those for workplace air because the measurement strategies, the underlying European Directives for ambient air 2, limit and guideline values and the consequent definitions and practical applications of the estimation of the uncertainty
36、 of measurements are different. EN 14412:2004 (E) 6 1 Scope This document gives guidelines for the selection, use and maintenance of diffusive samplers used to analyse gaseous pollutants in indoor air including measurement strategy and planning. This document gives guidelines for the selection, use
37、and maintenance of diffusive samplers used to measure indoor air quality and personal exposure. This document is applicable to indoor air quality assessment because crucial differences to ambient air measurement have to be taken into account concerning environmental parameters, measurement strategy,
38、 as well as the nature, number, source and abundance of indoor air pollutants. In contrast to typical ambient air measurements the appearance of unexpected compounds in indoor air environments is quite common. Procedures to calculate specific uptake rates of these compounds are needed more often as
39、there is only a limited number of uptake rates validated by experiments (see EN 13528-2 and EN 13528-3) to assess the respective concentration values. In addition to the general calculation procedure of the individual uptake rate as given in EN 13528-2 and EN 13528-3 detailed procedures to calculate
40、 diffusion coefficients and the uptake rate are given in annex C of this document. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
41、 referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13528-2:2002, Ambient air quality Diffusive samplers for the determination of concentrations of gases and vapours Requirements and test methods Part 2: Specific requirements and test methods. ISO 16000-1, Indoor air Part 1: General aspects
42、of sampling strategy. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 ambient air outdoor air in the troposphere, excluding indoor air and workplaces EN 13528-1:2002 3.2 averaging time period of time for which the measuring procedure yields a
43、 single value EN 13528-1:2002 3.3 cross-sectional area of the diffusion path cross-sectional area of the space inside the diffusive sampler, which is available for the diffusion process, expressed in square centimetres. This cross-sectional area may be identical to the intake opening EN 14412:2004 (
44、E) 7 3.4 diffusive sampler a device which is capable of taking samples of gases or vapours from the atmosphere at a rate controlled by a physical process such as gaseous diffusion through a static air layer or a porous material and/or permeation through a membrane, but which does not involve the act
45、ive movement of pumped air through the device EN 13528-1:2002 NOTE Active normally refers to the pumped movement of air. 3.5 diffusive uptake rate rate at which the diffusive sampler collects a particular gas or vapour from the atmosphere, expressed in cubic centimetres per minute (cm 3min -1 ) 3.6
46、indoor air air in indoor environment, i.e. dwellings having living rooms, bedrooms, DIY (do-it-yourself) rooms, recreation rooms and cellars, kitchens and bathrooms; workrooms or work places in buildings which are not subject to health and safety inspections in regard to air pollutants (for example,
47、 offices, sales premises); public buildings (for example hospitals, schools, kindergartens, sports halls, libraries, restaurants and bars, theatres, cinemas and other function rooms), and also cabins of vehicles NOTE In some countries workplaces like offices and sales premises are subject to health
48、and safety inspections with regard to air pollutants. 3.7 measuring procedure procedure for sampling and analysing one or more pollutants in air and including storage and transportation of the sample EN 13528-1:2002 3.8 personal sampler a device attached to a person that samples air in the breathing zone EN 689:1995 3.9 personal sampling the process of air sampling carried out using a personal sampler EN 1540:1998 NOTE In the German language the term personenbezogene Probenahme is used for the sampli
