1、BRITISH STANDARD AEROSPACE SERIES BS EN 14777:2004 Space engineering Multipaction design and test The European Standard EN 14777:2004 has the status of a British Standard ICS 49.140 BS EN 14777:2004 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committe
2、e on 11 August 2004 BSI 11 August 2004 ISBN 0 580 44260 8 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 14777:2004. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ACE/68, Space systems and operations, which has the responsibility
3、 to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “Internation
4、al Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British
5、Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and Eu
6、ropean developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 70, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.
7、Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEANSTANDARD NORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHENORM EN14777 July2004 ICS49.140 Englishversion SpaceengineeringMultipactiondesignandtest SystmessoletoprationsConceptionettestprenanten compteleffetMultipactor Raumfahrttechnik(Engeneering)Multipactio
8、n KonzenptionundTest ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon29April2004. CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEurope an Standardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Uptodatelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcernings uchna
9、tional standardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCentralSecretariatortoanyCENmember. ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytra nslation undertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCentralSecretariathasthesamesta
10、tusast heofficial versions. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France, Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandU
11、nitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2004CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.EN14777:2004:EEN 14777:2004 (E) 2 Contents pag
12、e Foreword5 Introduction .6 1 Scope 7 2 Normative references 7 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms 8 3.1 Terms and definitions .8 3.2 Abbreviated terms .10 4 Verification .10 4.1 Verification process 10 4.2 Verification levels 11 4.3 Verification plan.11 4.3.1 Introduction11 4.3.2 Generation
13、and updating 11 4.3.3 Description .11 4.4 Verification routes .12 4.5 Classification of component type 12 4.6 Single carrier13 4.6.1 General13 4.6.2 Margins .13 4.6.3 Route to demonstrate conformance14 4.7 Multi-carrier 16 4.7.1 General16 4.7.2 Threshold above equivalent CW peak power .16 4.7.3 Thre
14、shold below equivalent CW peak power .16 4.7.4 Route to demonstrate conformance17 5 Design analyses.19 5.1 General19 5.2 Field analysis .19 5.3 Critical region identification .19 5.4 Multipaction sensitivity analysis20 5.5 Venting analysis.21 5.6 Inspection .21 6 Test conditions 21 6.1 Cleanliness .
15、21 6.2 Pressure21 6.3 Temperature .21 6.4 Frequencies22 6.5 Pulse duration22 6.5.1 General22 6.5.2 CW units .22 6.5.3 Pulse units23 6.6 Electron seeding23 6.6.1 CW test23 6.6.2 Pulsed test23 6.6.3 Multi-carrier test.23 6.6.4 Seeding sources 23 EN 14777:2004 (E) 3 7 Methods of detection 24 7.1 Genera
16、l .24 7.2 Detection methods 24 7.3 Detection method parameters24 7.3.1 Sensitivity.24 7.3.2 Rise time.25 8 Test procedures.25 8.1 Test configurations .25 8.2 Test facility validation.25 8.3 Test execution .26 8.3.1 General .26 8.3.2 Test procedure.26 8.4 Acceptance criteria .27 8.4.1 General .27 8.4
17、.2 Multi-carrier test 27 Annex A (informative) Multipaction background 28 A.1 Physics of multipaction 28 A.2 Other physical processes.29 A.3 RF operating environment29 A.4 Parallel plate multipaction35 A.5 Coaxial line multipaction 40 Annex B (informative) Component venting 43 B.1 Introduction43 B.2
18、 Discharge dependence on pressure .43 B.3 Test example43 B.4 Venting dimensions 44 B.5 Venting hole calculations .44 B.6 Payload vacuum 44 B.7 Venting model used 44 B.8 Pumping conductance of a venting hole 45 B.9 Ultimate pressure 46 B.10 Venting experiment .48 B.11 Venting guidelines.48 Annex C (n
19、ormative) Cleaning, handling, storage and contamination.50 C.1 Generic processes 50 C.2 Cleaning, handling and storage.50 C.3 Contaminants.52 Annex D (normative) Electron seeding 55 D.1 Introduction55 D.2 CW test .55 D.3 Pulsed test .55 D.4 Multi-carrier test 55 D.5 Types of seeding source 57 Annex
20、E (informative) Test methods58 E.1 Introduction58 E.2 General test methods58 E.3 Transient tests methods.62 E.4 Test facility validation.69 Bibliography70 Figures Figure 1 Routes to conformance for single carrier.15 Figure 2 Routes to conformance for multi-carrier case .18 EN 14777:2004 (E) 4 Figure
21、 3 The susceptibility zone boundaries for aluminium, copper, silver, gold and alodine 1200. 20 Figure A.1 Total secondary electron emission as a function of energy of the incident electron. 36 Figure A.2 Multipaction susceptibility zones for parallel plates of aluminum 37 Figure A.3 Multipaction thr
22、esholds for all materials studied, plotted in a single graph as labeled 42 Figure B.1 The basic venting model 45 Figure E.1 Generic close to carrier noise multipaction test site 59 Figure E.2 Principal multipaction test set-up for nulling detection method . 61 Figure E.3 Test configuration (mode 1).
23、 63 Figure E.4 Test configuration (mode 2). 64 Figure E.5 Detected envelope of a five carrier waveform. 66 Figure E.6 Charge probe. 68 Tables Table A.1 Worst case mode order for susceptible gaps for gold 31 Table A.2 Worst case mode order for susceptible gaps for silver 32 Table A.3 Worst case mode
24、order for susceptible gaps for aluminium 33 Table A.4 Worst case mode order for susceptible gaps for alodine . 34 Table A.5 Worst case mode order for susceptible gaps for copper 35 Table A.6 Constants for the most used materials . 40 Table A.7 Critical voltages for multipaction in 50 coaxial lines 4
25、1 Table B.1 Outgassing rate for space components used in space applications 46 EN 14777:2004 (E) 5 Foreword This document (EN 14777:2004) has been prepared by CEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, a
26、t the latest by January 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2005. It is based on a previous version 1)originally prepared by the ECSS E-20-01 Working Group, reviewed by the ECSS Engineering Panel and approved by the ECSS Steering Board. The European C
27、ooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS) is a cooperative effort of the European Space Agency, National Space Agencies and European industry associations for the purpose of developing and maintaining common standards. This European Standard is one of the series of space standards intended to be a
28、pplied together for the management, engineering and product assurance in space projects and applications. Requirements in this European Standard are defined in terms of what shall be accomplished, rather than in terms of how to organize and perform the necessary work. This allows existing organizati
29、onal structures and methods to be applied where they are effective, and for the structures and methods to evolve as necessary without rewriting the standards. The formulation of this European Standard takes into account the existing EN ISO 9000 family of documents. According to the CEN/CENELEC Inter
30、nal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Nether
31、lands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. 1)ECSS-E-20-01 EN 14777:2004 (E) 6 Introduction Single carrier multipaction has well-established theoretical and testing procedures, and the heritage from proven components enables to define testing m
32、argin values as requirements for European space missions. Applying the single carrier margin to peak in-phase multi-carrier signals is recognized as excessively onerous in many cases, but the present understanding of multipaction for multicarrier signals is not well enough established for a reduced
33、limit to be specified. For this reason, the margins for the multi-carrier case are stated as recommendations, with a view to their evolving to requirements in the longer term. EN 14777:2004 (E) 7 1 Scope This document specifies the requirements and recommendations for the design and test of RF compo
34、nents and equipment to achieve acceptable performance with respect to multipaction-free operation in service in space. The document includes: verification planning requirements; definition of a route to conform to the requirements; design and test margin requirements; design and test requirements; a
35、nd informative annexes that provide guidelines on the design and test processes. This document is intended to result in the effective design and verification of the multipaction performance of the equipment and consequently in a high confidence in achieving successful product operation. This documen
36、t covers multipaction events occurring in all classes of RF satellite components and equipment at all frequency bands of interest. Operation in single carrier CW and pulse modulated mode are included, as well as multi-carrier operations. This document does not include breakdown processes caused by c
37、ollisional processes, such as plasma formation. This document is applicable to all space missions. When viewed in a specific project context, the requirements defined in this document should be tailored to match the genuine requirements of a particular profile and circumstances of a project. NOTE Ta
38、iloring is a process by which individual requirements of specifications, standards and related documents are evaluated and made applicable to a specific project, by selection and in some exceptional cases, modification of existing or addition of new requirements. 2 Normative references The following
39、 referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13701:2001, Space systems Glossary of terms. EN 14725, Spac
40、e engineering Verification. EN ISO 146441, Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments Part 1: Classification of air cleanliness (ISO 14644-1:1999). ESCC Basic Specification No. 24900, Issue 1, October 2002, Minimum requirements for controlling environmental contamination of components. ESCC B
41、asic Specification No. 20600, Issue 1, February 2003, Preservation, packaging and despatch of ESCC electronic components. EN 14777:2004 (E) 8 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 13701:2001 and t
42、he following apply. 3.1.1 acceptance margin margin to use for acceptance testing 3.1.2 acceptance stage verification stage with the objective of demonstrating that the product is free of workmanship defects and integration errors and ready for its intended use 3.1.3 analysis uncertainty numerical va
43、lue of the uncertainty associated with an analysis NOTE In performing analysis, a conservative approach based on pessimistic assumptions is used when assessing threshold powers for the onset of multipaction. 3.1.4 assembly (process) process of mechanical mating of hardware to obtain a low level conf
44、iguration after the manufacturing process (see also EN 13701) 3.1.5 batch acceptance test test performed on a sample from each batch of flight units to verify that the units conform to the acceptance requirements NOTE For requirements on the sample size, see 8.3.1.a. 3.1.6 design margin theoreticall
45、y computed margin between the specified power handling of the component and the result of an analysis after the analysis uncertainty has been subtracted NOTE As for the analysis uncertainty, the worst case is used. 3.1.7 development test testing performed during the design and development phase whic
46、h can supplement the theoretical design activities 3.1.8 gap voltage voltage in the critical gap NOTE The critical gap corresponds to the most critical location in the space RF component where the multipaction can occur. 3.1.9 in-process test testing performed during the manufacture of flight standa
47、rd equipment EN 14777:2004 (E) 9 NOTE It is carried out with the equipment in an unfinished state or on a part or sub-assembly that cannot be tested fully when later integrated into the equipment. The tests form part of verification. 3.1.10 integration process of physically and functionally combinin
48、g lower level products to obtain a particular functional configuration NOTE The term product can include hardware, software or both. 3.1.11 measurement uncertainty uncertainty with which the specified power level is applied to the test item 3.1.12 model philosophy definition of the optimum number and characteristics of physical models to achieve a high confidence in the product verification with the shortest planning and a suitable weighing of costs and risks 3.1.13 qualification margin margin between the specified power level and
