1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 14778:2011Solid biofuels SamplingCopyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitte
2、d without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 14778:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 14778:2011. Itsupersedes DD CEN/TS 14778-1:2005 and DD CEN/TS 14778-2:2005and DD CEN/TS 14779:2005 which are withdrawnThe UK participation in its preparation was entr
3、usted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 9
4、78 0 580 69715 9ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedCopyright European C
5、ommittee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 14778:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 14778 June 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 14778-1:2005, CEN/TS 14778-2:2005
6、, CEN/TS 14779:2005English Version Solid biofuels - Sampling Biocombustibles - Echantillonnage Feste Biobrennstoffe - Probenahme This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 May 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for givi
7、ng this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three offi
8、cial versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of
9、 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
10、 EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14778:2011: ECopyright
11、European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 14778:2011EN 14778:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 4Introduction .51 Scope 62 Normative references 63 Terms and definitions .64 Symb
12、ols and abbreviations 85 Principle 86 Establishing a sampling scheme (sampling plan) .96.1 Principle 96.2 Full sampling plan .96.3 Brief sampling plan. 106.4 Division of lots 107 Visual inspection 118 Number of increments 118.1 General . 118.2 Primary increment variance (VI) 128.3 Preparation and te
13、sting variance (VPT) . 128.4 Overall precision (PL) . 138.5 Calculation of number of increments per (sub)-lot . 139 Calculation of the size of increment . 1410 Combined sample Calculation of the volume of the combined sample 1411 Sampling equipment 1511.1 General . 1511.2 Equipment for manual sampli
14、ng . 1511.3 Equipment for mechanical sampling 2212 Sampling in practice . 2412.1 General . 2412.2 Methods for sampling stationary material . 2412.3 Methods for sampling moving material 2712.4 Sampling of roundwood . 2813 Sample generation 3013.1 Combined samples and laboratory samples . 3014 Perform
15、ance characteristics . 3015 Handling and storage of samples . 3015.1 Packaging, storing and transport of samples . 3015.2 Identification / labelling 3116 Sampling certificates 31Annex A (informative) Model Sampling Plan and Sampling Certificate 32Annex B (informative) Sampling from large stockpiles
16、35B.1 Initial assessment of the stockpile . 35B.2 Taking samples . 35B.3 Marking, packaging and dispatch of samples . 35Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 1477
17、8:2011EN 14778:2011 (E) 3 B.4 Certificate of sampling 35Annex C (informative) Bulk densities of biofuels 36Annex D (informative) Empirical values for PL, VIand VPT37D.1 Introduction 37D.2 Large shipment of wood pellets from different sources . 37Annex E (informative) Guidelines for the number of inc
18、rements to be taken 41E.1 General . 41E.2 Estimation of the number of increments from empirical values 41E.3 Examples for determining VPT, VI, NSLand nmin46Annex F (informative) Quality parameters for various solid biofuels in BioNorm projects and large shipments of wood pellets 50F.1 General . 50F.
19、2 Products investigated as part of the BioNorm projects 50F.3 Summary of results from BioNorm projects 51F.4 Large shipments 57Bibliography 63Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license f
20、rom IHS-,-,-BS EN 14778:2011EN 14778:2011 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 14778:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an i
21、dentical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be
22、 held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 14778-1:2005, CEN/TS 14778-2:2005 and CEN/TS 14779:2005. This document differs from CEN/TS 14778-1:2005, CEN/TS 14778-2:2005 and CEN/TS 14779:2005 mainly as follows: a) CEN/TS 14778-1:2005, CEN/TS 14778-
23、2:2005 and CEN/TS 14779:2005 are merged into one document and upgraded to EN 14778:2011; b) results of interlaboratory tests are supplemented as informative annexes; c) the whole document is restructured and editorially revised; d) decision schemes are updated; e) updated normative references are in
24、cluded. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
25、 Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networ
26、king permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 14778:2011EN 14778:2011 (E) 5 Introduction Solid biofuels are a major source of renewable energy. European Standards are needed for production, trade and use of solid biofuels. This European Standard can be used with regard to production, trading, co
27、ntrolling and analysis of solid biofuels in general. It is also useful for buyers of solid biofuels, regulators, controllers and laboratories. This standard creates new working methods and practices for a broad fuel source, while for coal there are many years of experience for a single fuel source.
28、This standard is based on the coal sampling methods, however due to the limited experience of biomass sampling, it is recognized that this standard will change in future versions when more experience is gained. What today is utilized as solid biofuels may change in the future. Copyright European Com
29、mittee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 14778:2011EN 14778:2011 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard describes methods for preparing sampling plans and certificates and taking samples of
30、 solid biofuels, for example, from the place where the raw materials grow, from production plant, from deliveries e.g. lorry loads, or from stock. It includes both manual and mechanical methods, and is applicable to solid biofuels that are either: fine (particle size up to about 10 mm) and regularly
31、-shaped particulate materials that can be sampled using a scoop or pipe, for example: sawdust, olive stones and wood pellets; coarse or irregularly-shaped particulate materials, particle sizes up to about 200 mm that can be sampled using a fork or shovel, for example: wood chips and nut shells, fore
32、st residue chips, and straw; baled materials for example: baled straw or grass; large pieces (particles sizes above 200 mm) which are either picked manually or automatically; vegetable waste, fibrous waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp that has been dewatered; ro
33、und wood. It may be possible to use this standard on other solid biofuels. The methods described in this European Standard may be used, for example, when the samples are to be tested for moisture content, ash content, calorific value, bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, ash melting
34、 behaviour and chemical composition. The methods are not intended for obtaining the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edi
35、tion cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 14588:2010, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions EN 14780, Solid biofuels Sample preparation 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document,
36、 the terms and definitions given in EN 14588:2010 and the following apply. 3.1 bias systematic error that leads to the average value of a series of results being persistently higher or persistently lower than those that are obtained using a reference sampling method 3.2 combined sample sample consis
37、ting of all the increments taken from a lot or sub-lot NOTE The increments may be reduced by division before being added to the combined sample. Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without licens
38、e from IHS-,-,-BS EN 14778:2011EN 14778:2011 (E) 7 3.3 general analysis sample sub-sample of a laboratory sample having a nominal top size of 1 mm or less and used for a number of chemical and physical analyses 3.4 increment portion of fuel extracted in a single operation of the sampling device 3.5
39、laboratory sample combined sample or a sub-sample of a combined sample for use in a laboratory 3.6 large stockpile a stockpile with a capacity 40 tonnes 3.7 lot defined quantity of fuel for which the quality is to be determined NOTE See also sub-lot. 3.8 mass-reduction reduction of the mass of a sam
40、ple or sub-sample 3.9 nominal top size aperture size of the sieve used in the EN 15149 method for determining the particle size distribution of solid biofuels through which at least 95 % by mass of the material passes 3.10 overall precision closeness of agreement between independent test results obt
41、ained under stipulated conditions; including sample preparation and sample analysis NOTE A determination might be made with great precision and the standard deviation of a number of determinations on the same sub-lot might, therefore, be low; but such results are accurate only if they are free from
42、bias. 3.11 particle size-reduction reduction of the nominal top size of a sample or sub-sample 3.12 sample quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the quality is to be determined 3.13 small stockpile stockpile with a capacity 40 tonnes 3.14 sub-lot part of a lot for which
43、 a test result is required 3.15 sub-sample portion of a sample Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 14778:2011EN 14778:2011 (E) 8 3.16 test portion sub-sample of
44、 a laboratory sample consisting of the quantity of material required for a single execution of a test method 3.17 test-sample laboratory sample after an appropriate preparation made by the laboratory 4 Symbols and abbreviations d95is nominal top size biofuel, in mm diis the difference between indivi
45、dual pair members mlotis mass of the lot or sub-lot, tonnes n is number of increments per (sub)-lot nminis minimum number of increments per (sub)-lot nPis the number of pairs (for estimating VPT) nmpis the maximum practicable number of increments per sub-lot N L, N SL is the number of lots/sub-lots
46、PL is the overall precision for the sampling, sample preparation and testing for the whole biofuel lot at 95 % confidence levelPSL is similar to PLbut then for the sub-lot s is the sample estimate of the population standard deviation VSPTis the total variance of the results for replicate samples Vol
47、increment is volume of an increment, litre Volmin is minimum volume of increment, litre VI is the primary increment variance VPT is the preparation and testing variance W is width of a sampling tool, mm xi is the value of the analysed parameter 5 Principle The main principle of correct sampling is t
48、o obtain a representative sample (samples) from the whole lot concerned. Every particle in the lot or sub-lot to be represented by the sample should have an equal probability of being included in the sample. In order to do so a sampling plan is needed. Figure 1 shows the actions needed for the development of a sampling plan. When sampling is to be carried out according to the same plan repe
