1、BS EN 15103:2009ICS 75.160.10NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDSolid biofuels Determination of bulkdensityCopyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted w
2、ithout license from IHS-,-,-This British Standardwas published under theauthority of the StandardsPolicy and StrategyCommittee on 31 March2010 BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 66788 6Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS EN 15103:2009National forewordThis British Standard is the UK imp
3、lementation of EN 15103:2009. Itsupersedes DD CEN/TS 15103:2005 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does
4、 not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo
5、 reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 15103:2009EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15103 December 2009 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15103:2005English Version Solid biofuels - Determination of bulk density Biocombustibles solides - Dtermination
6、de la masse volumique apparente Feste Biobrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Schttdichte This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 October 2009. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a
7、national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version
8、 in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denma
9、rk, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISAT
10、ION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15103:2009: ECopyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under licens
11、e with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 15103:2009EN 15103:2009 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Symbols and abbreviations 55 Principle 66 Apparatus .67 Sample preparat
12、ion .78 Procedure .89 Calculation 810 Test report 911 Precision .9Annex A (informative) Relative increase of bulk density determinations for solid biofuels: Application with shock impact versus application without shock impact . 11Bibliography . 12Copyright European Committee for Standardization Pro
13、vided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 15103:2009EN 15103:2009 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15103:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by S
14、IS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of
15、the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15103:2005. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of th
16、e following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovaki
17、a, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 15103:2009EN 15103:2009 (E) 4 Introduction Bulk density is a
18、n important parameter for fuel deliveries on volume basis and together with the net calorific value, it determines the energy density. It also facilitates the estimation of space requirements for transport and storage. This document describes the determination of the bulk density of pourable solid b
19、iofuels which can be conveyed in a continuous material flow. For practical reasons two standard measuring containers with a volume of 5 l or 50 l were chosen for the determination. Due to the limited volume of these containers, some fuels are therefore excluded from the scope of this document. This,
20、 for example, applies for chunk wood, uncomminuted bark or baled material and larger briquettes. The bulk density of such fuels can be calculated from their mass and the volume of the container or lorry used to transport them. To decide on the actual storage room requirement of a solid biofuel the d
21、ifferent storage conditions (e.g. height of heap or moisture content), which usually differ largely from the sample volume of the standard measuring container, should also be taken into account. The here described method includes a defined shock exposure to the bulk material. The decision for this p
22、rocedure was based on several reasons. It leads to a certain volume reduction which accounts for compaction effects occurring during the production chain. These compaction effects are mainly due to the fact that the fuel is usually transported and/or stored in containers or silos that are much large
23、r than the measuring container as chosen for the here described method. Thus, in practice the higher mass load leads to an increased load pressure and to fuel settling, which can also be additionally enhanced by the vibrations during transportation. Furthermore, filling or unloading operations in pr
24、actise usually apply a higher falling depth than the one chosen for the here performed test. This will also result in a respectively higher compaction due to the increased kinetic energy of the particles falling. A procedure which applies a controlled shock to the sample was thus believed to reflect
25、 the practically prevailing bulk density in a better way than a method without shock. This is particularly true when the mass of a delivered fuel has to be estimated from the volume load of a transporting vehicle, which is a common procedure in many countries. For a rough estimation on how susceptib
26、le the different solid biofuels are towards the shock exposure some research data are given in Annex A. The data show a compaction effect between 6 % and 18 % for biomass fuels. Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or ne
27、tworking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 15103:2009EN 15103:2009 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard describes a method of determining bulk density of solid biofuels by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all solid biofuels with a nominal top size of
28、 maximum 100 mm. Bulk density is not an absolute value, therefore conditions for its determination have to be standardised in order to gain comparative measuring results. NOTE 1 The nominal top size is defined as the aperture size of the sieve where at least 95 % by mass of the material passes (see
29、CEN/TS 15149-1). NOTE 2 Bulk density of solid biofuels is subject to variation due to several factors such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying and wetting. Measured bulk density can therefore deviate from actual conditions during transportation, storage or transhipment. 2 Normative
30、 references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. prEN 14588:2009, Solid biofuels Termi
31、nology, definitions and descriptions EN 14774-1, Solid biofuels Determination of moisture content Oven dry method Part 1: Total moisture Reference method EN 14774-2, Solid biofuels Determination of moisture content Oven dry method Part 2: Total moisture Simplified method prEN 14778-1, Solid biofuels
32、 Methods for sampling CEN/TS 14778-2, Solid biofuels Sampling Part 2: Method for sampling particulate material transported in lorries CEN/TS 14779, Solid biofuels Sampling Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the te
33、rms and definitions given in prEN 14588:2009 apply. 4 Symbols and abbreviations Abbreviations used in this document: BDar bulk density as received in kg/m BDd bulk density of the sample on dry basis in kg/m Marmoisture content, as received, as percentage by mass (wet basis) m1mass of the empty conta
34、iner in kg m2mass of the filled container in kg V net volume of the measuring container in m Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 15103:2009EN 15103:2009 (E) 6 5
35、 Principle The test portion is filled into a standard container of a given size and shape and is weighed afterwards. Bulk density is calculated from the net weight per standard volume and reported for the measured moisture content. 6 Apparatus 6.1 Measuring containers 6.1.1 General The container sha
36、ll be cylindrically shaped and manufactured of a shock resistant, smooth-surfaced material. The container shall be resistant to deformation in order to prevent any variation in shape and volume. The container has to be waterproof. For easier handling grips may be fixed externally. The height-diamete
37、r-ratio shall be within 1,25 and 1,50. 6.1.2 Large container The large measuring container has a filling volume of 50 l (0,05 m) volume. The volume may deviate by 1 l (= 2 %). It shall have an effective (inner) diameter of 360 mm and an effective (inner) height of 491 mm (see Figure 1). Deviations f
38、rom these dimensions are tolerable, if the height-diameter-ratio remains as given in 6.1.1 Figure 1 measuring container, large 6.1.3 Small container The small measuring container has a filling volume of 5 l (0,005 m) volume. The volume may deviate by 0,1 l (= 2 %). It shall have an effective (inner)
39、 diameter of 167 mm and an effective (inner) height of 228 mm (see Figure 2). Deviations from these dimensions are tolerable, if the height-diameter-ratio remains as given in 6.1.1 Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or
40、 networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 15103:2009EN 15103:2009 (E) 7 Figure 2 measuring container, small 6.2 Balances 6.2.1 Balance 1 For measurements with the large container a balance having sufficient accuracy to enable the sample and container to be weighed to the nearest 10 g,
41、 shall be used. 6.2.2 Balance 2 For measurements with the small container a balance, having sufficient accuracy to enable the sample and container to be weighed to the nearest 1 g, shall be used. 6.3 Scantlings A small scantling, preferably made of hard wood, approximately 600 mm long and having a c
42、ross section of about 50 mm x 50 mm should be used for the removal of surplus material. Advisable: A strong scantling of 150 mm height is used to indicate the falling height in the shock exposure. 6.4 Wooden board A flat wooden board (e.g. oriented strand board (OSB) with a thickness of approximatel
43、y 15 mm and sufficient in size for the container to be dropped onto for shock exposure should be used. 7 Sample preparation Sampling shall be carried out in accordance with prEN 14778-1 and CEN/TS 14778-2. If necessary, the sample may be divided in mass in accordance with CEN/TS 14780. The sample vo
44、lume should exceed the measuring container volume by maximum 30 %. NOTE Precautions should be taken to ensure that the moisture is evenly distributed throughout the sample. Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or network
45、ing permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS EN 15103:2009EN 15103:2009 (E) 8 8 Procedure 8.1 Determination of the container volume Before use, the mass and filling volume of the container shall be determined. Weigh the empty, clean and dry container on the balance (6.2.1 or 6.2.2). Then fill the c
46、ontainer with water and a few drops of wetting agent (e.g. liquid soap) until maximum capacity; then weigh it again. The water should be at a temperature between 10 C and 20 C. Calculate the volume (V) of the container from the net weight of water and the density of the water (1 kg/dm) and record th
47、e result rounded to the nearest 0,000 01 m3(for the large container) or 0,000 001 m (for the small container). NOTE 1 The effect of temperature on the density of water is here neglected. NOTE 2 The container volume should be checked regularly. 8.2 Container selection All fuels that are within the sc
48、ope of this document can be used in the large container (6.2.1). For fuels with a nominal top size up to 12 mm and for pellets with a diameter equal or below 12 mm the small container (6.2.2) can be used (optional). 8.3 Measurement procedure a) Fill the container by pouring the sample material from a height of 200 mm to 300 mm above the upper rim until a cone of maximum possible height is formed. NOTE 1 Make sure that the container is dry and clean before being (re)filled. b) The filled container is then shock exposed to allo
