1、BS EN 15305:2008ICS 19.100NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDNon-destructiveTesting Test Methodfor Residual Stressanalysis by X-rayDiffractionIncorporating corrigendum January 2009This British Standardwas published under the authority of theStandard
2、s Policy andStrategy Committee on 30September 2008 BSI 2009ISBN 978 0 580 66870 8Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS EN 15305:2008National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15305:2008,The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Techni
3、calCommittee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a Br
4、itish Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.incorporating corrigendum January 2009.30 June 2009 Implementation of CEN corrigendumJanuary 2009. Modification of the fourthparagraph of the CEN Foreword.EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 15305August 2008ICS 19.100English V
5、ersionNon-destructive Testing - Test Method for Residual Stressanalysis by X-ray DiffractionEssais non-destructifs - Mthode dessai pour lanalyse descontraintes rsiduelles par diffraction des rayons XZerstrungsfreie Prfung - RntgendiffraktometrischesPrfverfahren zur Ermittlung der EigenspannungenThis
6、 European Standard was approved by CEN on 4 July 2008.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references co
7、ncerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its ow
8、n language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania
9、, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CEN All
10、rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15305:2008: EIncorporating corrigendum January 2009BS EN 15305:2008EN 15305:2008 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword5 Introduction .6 1 Scope 7 2 Normative references 7 3 Terms, definitions and symbol
11、s.8 3.1 Terms and definitions .8 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations 8 4 Principles10 4.1 General principles of the measurement 10 4.2 Biaxial stress analysis 12 4.3 Triaxial stress analysis .13 5 Specimen 14 5.1 Material characteristics.14 5.1.1 General14 5.1.2 Shape, dimensions and weight 15 5.1.3 Speci
12、men composition/homogeneity15 5.1.4 Grain size and diffracting domains16 5.1.5 Specimen X-ray transparency 16 5.1.6 Coatings and thin layers .16 5.2 Preparation of specimen.17 5.2.1 Surface preparation.17 5.2.2 Stress depth profiling17 5.2.3 Large specimen or complex geometry17 6 Equipment 17 6.1 Ge
13、neral17 6.2 Choice of equipment .18 6.2.1 General18 6.2.2 The -method.19 6.2.3 The -method .20 6.2.4 The modified -method .21 6.2.5 Other geometries .21 6.3 Choice of radiation 21 6.4 Choice of the detector.23 6.5 Performance of the equipment.24 6.5.1 Alignment .24 6.5.2 Performance of the goniomete
14、r .24 6.6 Qualification and verification of the equipment .24 6.6.1 General24 6.6.2 Qualification .24 6.6.3 Verification of the performance of the qualified equipment .26 7 Experimental Method 27 7.1 General27 7.2 Specimen positioning .27 7.3 Diffraction conditions28 7.4 Data collection .29 8 Treatm
15、ent of the data 30 8.1 General30 8.2 Treatment of the diffraction data30 8.2.1 General30 BS EN 15305:2008EN 15305:2008 (E) 3 8.2.2 Intensity corrections .30 8.2.3 Determination of the diffraction line position.31 8.2.4 Correction on the diffraction line position32 8.3 Stress calculation32 8.3.1 Calc
16、ulation of strains and stresses.32 8.3.2 Errors and uncertainties 16, 17 .33 8.4 Critical assessment of the results .34 8.4.1 General .34 8.4.2 Visual inspection.34 8.4.3 Quantitative inspection.34 9 Report .35 10 Experimental determination of XECs 36 10.1 Introduction36 10.2 Loading device 37 10.3
17、Specimen37 10.4 Loading device calibration and specimen accommodation .38 10.5 Diffractometer measurements .38 10.6 Calculation of XECs 38 11 Reference specimens39 11.1 Introduction39 11.2 Stress-free reference specimen.39 11.2.1 General .39 11.2.2 Preparation of the stress-free specimen.39 11.2.3 M
18、ethod of measurement.40 11.3 Stress-reference specimen 40 11.3.1 Laboratory qualified (LQ) stress-reference specimen.40 11.3.2 Inter-laboratory qualified (ILQ) stress-reference specimen41 12 Limiting cases41 12.1 Introduction41 12.2 Presence of a subsurface stress gradient42 12.3 Surface stress grad
19、ient.42 12.4 Surface roughness42 12.5 Non-flat surfaces .42 12.6 Effects of specimen microstructure 43 12.6.1 Textured materials.43 12.6.2 Multiphase materials.43 12.7 Broad diffraction lines 44 Annex A (informative) Schematic representation of the European XRPD Standardisation Project 46 Annex B (i
20、nformative) Sources of Residual Stress .47 B.1 General .47 B.2 Mechanical processes 47 B.3 Thermal processes47 B.4 Chemical processes47 Annex C (normative) Determination of the stress state - General Procedure48 C.1 General .48 C.2 Using the exact definition of the deformation49 C.2.1 General .49 C.
21、2.2 Determination of the stress tensor components .49 C.2.3 Determination of and d0.50 C.3 Using an approximation of the definition of the deformation.50 C.3.1 General .50 C.3.2 Determination of the stress tensor components .51 C.3.3 Determination of 0 and d051 Annex D (informative) Recent developme
22、nts.52 D.1 Stress measurement using two-dimensional diffraction data52 D.2 Depth resolved evaluation of near surface residual stress - The Scattering Vector Method54 BS EN 15305:2008EN 15305:2008 (E) 4 D.3 Accuracy improvement through the use of equilibrium conditions for determination of stress pro
23、file 55 Annex E (informative) Details of treatment of the measured data .56 E.1 Intensity correction on the scan 56 E.1.1 General56 E.1.2 Divergence slit conversion.56 E.1.3 Absorption correction .57 E.1.4 Background correction .58 E.1.5 Lorentz-polarisation correction58 E.1.6 K-Alpha2 stripping.59
24、E.2 Diffraction line position determination59 E.2.1 Centre of Gravity methods59 E.2.2 Parabola Fit 60 E.2.3 Profile Function Fit 60 E.2.4 Middle of width at x% height method 61 E.2.5 Cross-correlation method.61 E.3 Correction on the diffraction line position61 E.3.1 General61 E.3.2 Remaining misalig
25、nments 61 E.3.3 Transparency correction.62 Annex F (informative) General description of acquisition methods 64 F.1 Introduction64 F.2 Definitions 64 F.3 Description of the various acquisition methods 67 F.3.1 General method67 F.3.2 Omega () method.68 F.3.3 Chi () method69 F.3.4 Combined tilt method
26、(also called scattering vector method)71 F.3.5 Modified chi method73 F.3.6 Low incidence method 76 F.3.7 Modified omega method .77 F.3.8 Use of a 2D (area) detector .78 F.4 Choice of and angles .79 F.5 The stereographic projection .80 Annex G (informative) Normal Stress Measurement Procedure“ and “D
27、edicated Stress Measurement Procedure.82 G.1 Introduction82 G.2 General82 G.2.1 Introduction82 G.2.2 Normal stress measurement procedure for a single specimen82 G.2.3 Dedicated Stress Measurement Procedure for very similar specimens82 Bibliography 84 BS EN 15305:2008EN 15305:2008 (E) 5 Foreword This
28、 document (EN 15305:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by
29、February 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2009. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
30、patent rights. In order to explain the relationship between the topics described in the different standards, a diagram illustrating typical operation involved in XRPD is given in Annex A. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countri
31、es are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
32、 Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The topic “Non destructive testing X-ray diffraction from polycrystalline and amorphous material“ is considered in the present document and several other European Standards, namely: EN 13925-1, General principles; EN 13925-2, Procedures; EN 13925-3, Instr
33、uments; EN 1330-11, Non-destructive testing Terminology Terms used in X-ray diffraction from polycrystalline and amorphous materials BS EN 15305:2008EN 15305:2008 (E) 6 Introduction Residual strains in crystalline materials may be determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Assuming linear elastic dis
34、tortions, the related residual stresses are calculated. In this document the principles of the measure procedure and the analysis technique are described. BS EN 15305:2008EN 15305:2008 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard describes the test method for the determination of macroscopic residual or app
35、lied stresses non-destructively by X-ray diffraction analysis in the near-surface region of a polycrystalline specimen or component. All materials with a sufficient degree of crystallinity can be analysed, but limitations may arise in the following cases (brief indications are given in Clause 12): S
36、tress gradients; Lattice constants gradient ; Surface roughness; Non-flat surfaces (see 5.1.2); Highly textured materials; Coarse grained material (see 5.1.4); Multiphase materials; Overlapping diffraction lines; Broad diffraction lines. The specific procedures developed for the determination of res
37、idual stresses in the cases listed above are not included in this document. The method described is based on the angular dispersive technique with reflection geometry as defined by EN 13925-1. The recommendations in this document are meant for stress analysis where only the diffraction line shift is
38、 determined. This European Standard does not cover methods for residual stress analyses based on synchrotron X-ray radiation and it does not exhaustively consider all possible areas of application. Radiation Protection. Exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays can be injurious to health. It
39、is therefore essential that whenever X-ray equipment is used, adequate precautions should be taken to protect the operator and any other person in the vicinity. Recommended practice for radiation protection as well as limits for the levels of X-radiation exposure are those established by national le
40、gislation in each country. If there are no official regulations or recommendations in a country, the latest recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection should be applied. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of
41、 this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13925-1:2003, Non-destructive testing X-ray diffraction from polycrystalline and amorphous material Part 1: General princ
42、iples BS EN 15305:2008EN 15305:2008 (E) 8 EN 13925-2:2003, Non-destructive testing X-ray diffraction from polycrystalline and amorphous materials Part 2: Procedures. EN 13925-3:2005, Non-destructive testing X-ray diffraction from polycrystalline and amorphous materials Part 3: Instruments ISO 5725-1
43、, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 1: General principles and definitions ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement
44、 method 3 Terms, definitions and symbols For the purposes of this document, the following term, definition and symbols apply 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.1.1 Residual stress self-equilibrating internal stresses existing in a free body which has no external forces or constraints acting on its boundary
45、 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations 2 The diffraction angle; this is the angle between the incident and diffracted X-ray beams. The Bragg angle; this is the angle between the diffracting lattice planes and the incident beam. The angle between the incident X-ray beam and the specimen surface at = 0. The a
46、ngle between a fixed direction in the plane of the specimen and the projection in that plane of the normal to the diffracting lattice planes. The angle between the normal of the specimen and the normal of the diffracting lattice planes. The angle rotates in the plane perpendicular to that containing
47、 and 2; the rotation axis of is orientated perpendicular to both the and the axis. hkl Family of crystal lattice planes defined by the indices h, k and l. Strain measured in the direction defined by the angles and . d0Interplanar distance (d spacing) of a strain free specimen. d Interplanar distance
48、 (d spacing) of strained material in the direction of measurement defined by the angles and . (S1, S2, S3) Specimen coordinate system. (L1, L2, L3) Laboratory coordinate system. BS EN 15305:2008EN 15305:2008 (E) 9 21S2hkl, S1hkl Elasticity constants of the family of lattice planes hkl. ii Normal str
49、ess components (i = 1,2,3). ij Shear stress components (i j ; i,j = 1,2,3). Z Distance to the surface of the specimen. z X-ray penetration depth. LP The Lorentz Polarization factor. A The Absorption factor. ILQ Inter-Laboratory Qualified (used in connection with stress-reference specimen). LQ Laboratory Qualified (used in connection with stress-reference specimen). cert Certified normal stress value of the ILQ stress-ref
