1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 15402:2011Solid recovered fuels Determination of the contentof volatile matterBS EN 15402:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementati
2、on of EN 15402:2011. Itsupersedes DD CEN/TS 15402:2006 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purp
3、ort to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 68165 3ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandar
4、ds Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 15402:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15402 March 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15402:2006English Version Solid recovered fuels - Determination of the content
5、of volatile matter Combustibles solides de rcupration - Dtermination de la teneur en composs volatils Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Gehaltes an flchtigen Substanzen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 January 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Interna
6、l Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CE
7、N member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versi
8、ons. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slo
9、venia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN
10、national Members. Ref. No. EN 15402:2011: EBS EN 15402:2011EN 15402:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Principle 55 Apparatus .56 Sampling and sample preparation .97 Procedure .98 Calculation . 109 Precision 1010 Test report
11、 . 10Annex A (informative) Interlaboratory test results . 12Bibliography . 15BS EN 15402:2011EN 15402:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15402:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. This European Standard shall b
12、e given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2011. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15402:2006. Attention is drawn to the possi
13、bility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade A
14、ssociation. This document differs from CEN/TS 15402:2006 mainly as follows: a) use of automatic equipments under specific conditions permitted; b) results of interlaboratory tests supplemented as an informative Annex A; c) whole document editorially revised. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Reg
15、ulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, M
16、alta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. BS EN 15402:2011EN 15402:2011 (E) 4 Introduction The volatile matter is determined as the loss in mass less that due to moisture, when solid recovered fuel is heated out of contac
17、t with air under standardised conditions. The test is empirical and, in order to ensure reproducible results, it is essential that the rate of heating, the final temperature and the overall duration of the test are carefully controlled. It is also essential to exclude air from the solid recovered fu
18、el during heating to prevent oxidation. The fit of the crucible lid is therefore critical. The moisture content of the sample is determined at the same time as the volatile matter so that the appropriate correction can be made. Mineral matter associated with the sample can also lose mass under the c
19、onditions of the test, the magnitude of the loss being dependent on both the nature and the quantity of the minerals present. This European Standard is primarily geared toward laboratories, producers, suppliers and purchasers of solid recovered fuels, but is also useful for the authorities and inspe
20、ction organizations. The method specified in this European Standard is based on EN 15148 as well as ISO 562. BS EN 15402:2011EN 15402:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the requirements and a method for the determination of volatile matter of solid recovered fuels. 2 Normative refer
21、ences The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15357:2011, Solid recovered fuels Termin
22、ology, definitions and descriptions EN 15414-3, Solid recovered fuels Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample EN 15442, Solid recovered fuels Methods for sampling EN 15443, Solid recovered fuels Methods for the preparation of the labora
23、tory sample 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15357:2011 apply. 4 Principle A test portion of the general analysis sample is heated out of contact with ambient air at (900 10) C for about 7 min. The percentage of volatile matter is calcu
24、lated from the loss in mass of the test portion after deducting the loss in mass due to moisture. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Furnace The furnace shall be heated electrically and capable of maintaining a zone with uniform temperature of (900 10) C. It may be of the stop-ended type or fitted at the back with a f
25、lue with a diameter of about 25 mm and a length of about 150 mm (see Figure 1). NOTE 1 It is important for furnaces with flues that the furnace door seals well. The flue should not reach far out of the oven and should be fitted with a butterfly valve to restrict airflow through the furnace. The heat
26、 capacity of the furnace shall be such that, with an initial temperature of (900 10) C, the temperature is regained within about 4 min after insertion of a cold stand and its crucibles. The temperature shall be measured with a thermocouple, as specified in 5.2. NOTE 2 Observing the temperature is ve
27、ry important in order to compensate for inherent deviations of the temperature measurement and lack of uniformity regarding the temperature distribution. Usually the furnace will be designed specifically either for multiple determinations using a number of crucibles in one stand or for receiving one
28、 crucible and its stand. In the first case, the zone of uniform temperature shall be at least 160 mm 100 mm; in the latter case, a zone of diameter about 40 mm is sufficient. BS EN 15402:2011EN 15402:2011 (E) 6 A position for the crucible stand shall be chosen within the zone of uniform temperature
29、and this position shall be used for all determinations. Dimensions in millimetres Key 1 chamber, 200 mm width 5 heating system 2 flue 6 zone of uniform temperature 3 valve 7 check thermocouple 4 thermocouple Figure 1 Example of suitable furnace 5.2 Thermocouple The thermocouple shall be unsheathed,
30、of wire with a thickness 1 mm. It should be long enough to reach the centre of the underside of each crucible when placed into the zone of uniform temperature on being inserted through the front or rear of the furnace. The thermo junction shall be placed midway between the base of the crucible in it
31、s stand and the floor of the furnace. If the stand holds more than one crucible, the temperature under each crucible shall be checked in the same manner. If desired, a sheathed thermocouple may be permanently installed in the furnace (5.1) (see Figure 1) with its thermo junction as close as possible
32、 to the centre of the zone of uniform temperature; in this case furnace temperature readings shall be correlated at frequent intervals with those of the unsheathed thermocouple which is thus inserted only if necessary. NOTE The temperature/electromotive force relationship of a thermo junction mainta
33、ined at elevated temperatures gradually changes with time. BS EN 15402:2011EN 15402:2011 (E) 7 5.3 Crucible The crucible shall be cylindrical, with a well-fitting lid, both of fused silica. The crucible with lid shall have a mass from 10 g to 14 g and dimensions approximating to those shown in Figur
34、e 2. The fit of the lid on the crucible is critical to the determination and a lid shall be selected to match the crucible such that the horizontal clearance between them is no greater than 0,5 mm. After selection, the crucible and the lid shall be ground together to give smooth surfaces and then be
35、 given a common distinguishing mark. Dimensions in millimetres Figure 2 Silica crucible and lid If performing multiple determinations on highly swelling solid recovered fuels, it can be necessary to use taller crucibles; these may be up to 45 mm in height without affecting the determined volatile ma
36、tter, provided that the specified rate of temperature recovery is maintained. 5.4 Crucible stand The crucible stand which the crucible (5.3) is placed on in the furnace (5.1), shall be such that the appropriate rate of heating is achievable. For example, it may consist of the following: a) for singl
37、e determinations, a ring of heat-resistant steel wire as shown in Figure 3 a), with ceramic discs with a diameter of about 25 mm and a thickness of about 2 mm, resting on the inner projection of its legs or b) for multiple determinations, a tray of heat-resistant steel wire as shown in Figure 3 b),
38、of appropriate size, with ceramic plates with a thickness of about 2 mm supporting the crucibles. BS EN 15402:2011EN 15402:2011 (E) 8 5.5 Balance The balance shall be readable to the nearest 0,1 mg. Dimensions in millimetres a) Suitable for a single determination b) Suitable for multiple determinati
39、ons Key 1 three legs spaced 120 apart 2 handle 3 ring 4 ceramic plates Figure 3 Crucible stands BS EN 15402:2011EN 15402:2011 (E) 9 6 Sampling and sample preparation The general analysis sample shall be taken and prepared in accordance with EN 15442 and EN 15443. It shall be well mixed and in moistu
40、re equilibrium with the laboratory atmosphere. A test portion of the general analysis sample shall be separated for the determination of moisture content at the same time to the determination of volatile matter. The moisture content shall be determined in accordance with EN 15414-3. 7 Procedure 7.1
41、Use of automatic equipment Automatic equipment may be used if the procedure based on such a equipment is validated with reference materials of an adequate type. This equipment shall fulfil all the requirements given in Clauses 5 to 8 regarding sample size, atmosphere, temperatures and weighing accur
42、acy. Deviations from these specifications shall be reported and justified. 7.2 Number of determinations A minimum of two determinations shall be carried out on the general analysis test sample. 7.3 Furnace temperature checking Adjust the temperature of the zone in the furnace (5.1), containing eithe
43、r a stand with one crucible and lid (see Figure 3 a) or a stand with the requisite number of crucibles and lids (see Figure 3 b), to (900 10) C as indicated by the correctly located thermocouple (5.2). Check that this temperature is observed at the same height under each crucible (5.3). NOTE Tempera
44、ture checking should be made before starting determinations. However, if several analyses are performed per day, a daily temperature check is usually sufficient. The check of the temperature recovery criterion (see 5.1) should be dealt with in a similar way. 7.4 Volatile matter determination Fill ei
45、ther a stand with one empty crucible (5.3) and lid (see Figure 3 a) or a stand with the requisite number of empty crucibles and lids (see Figure 3 b) and insert it into the furnace (5.1). Maintain the temperature at (900 10) C for about 7 min. Remove the crucible(s) from the furnace and allow to coo
46、l to room temperature on a thick metal plate. As soon as they are cool, weigh each empty crucible and lid and weigh into each crucible, to the nearest 0,1 mg, (1 0,1) g of the general analysis sample. Replace the lid and tap each crucible on a clean hard surface until the test portion forms a layer
47、of even thickness on the bottom of the crucible. Place the charged crucible(s) in a cold stand, transfer to the furnace, close the door and leave for (420 5) s. Remove and allow to cool to room temperature. If cool, weigh the crucible(s) to the nearest 0,1 mg in the same manner as for the empty cruc
48、ible(s). NOTE 1 The same treatment of the crucible before and after the determination minimises the effect of any film of water adsorbed on its surface, while the rapid cooling reduces absorption of moisture by the coal or coke residue. NOTE 2 If multiple determinations are carried out, any vacant p
49、laces in the stand should be filled with empty crucibles. BS EN 15402:2011EN 15402:2011 (E) 10 8 Calculation The volatile matter, V, in the sample as analysed, expressed as mass fraction in percent, is given by Equation (1): ()()MmmmmV =1232100(1) where m1is the mass of the empty crucible (5.3) and lid, in grams; m2is the mass of the crucible and lid and test portion before heating, in grams; m3is the mass of the crucible and lid and contents after heating, in grams; M is the mass
