1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16302:2013Conservation of culturalheritage Test methods Measurement of waterabsorption by pipe methodBS EN 16302:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard
2、 is the UK implementation of EN 16302:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/560, Conservation of tangible cultural heritage.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport
3、to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 75316 9ICS 97.195Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This B
4、ritish Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16302:2013EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16302 February 2013 ICS 97.195 English Version Conservation of
5、 cultural heritage - Test methods - Measurement of water absorption by pipe method Conservation des biens culturels - Mthodes dessai - Mesurage de labsorption deau par la mthode la pipetteErhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Prfverfahren - Messung der Wasseraufnahme bei niedrigem Druck This European St
6、andard was approved by CEN on 28 December 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concern
7、ing such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into
8、its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Ger
9、many, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE F
10、R NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16302:2013: EBS EN 16302:2013EN 16302:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative re
11、ferences 5 3 Terms and definitions5 4 Principle 5 5 Symbols and abbreviations .6 6 Test equipment6 6.1 General 6 6.2 Pipe for vertical surfaces (type V)6 6.3 Pipe for horizontal surfaces (type H) .7 6.4 Water reservoir 8 6.5 Sealing material .9 6.6 Chronometer .10 7 Experimental conditions10 7.1 Gen
12、eral 10 7.2 “In situ” measurements .10 Laboratory measurements 10 7.3 Specimen pre-conditioning .10 7.4 Test procedure 10 8 Expression of the results.11 8.1 General 11 8.2 Calculation of water absorption per unit of surface area Wi, at the time ti.11 8.3 Calculation of total water absorption per uni
13、t of surface area Wf, at time tf.11 9 Test report .11 Annex A (informative) Common types of pipes13 A.1 TYP E “V1” - KARSTEN TUBE 13 A.2 TYP E “V2“ - “Large surface for heterogeneous materials“14 A.3 TYP E “V3“ - “Italian pipe“ 14 Bibliography 15 BS EN 16302:2013EN 16302:2013 (E) 3 Foreword This doc
14、ument (EN 16302:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346 “Conservation of cultural heritage”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest
15、 by August 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
16、patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedon
17、ia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16302:2013EN 16302:2013 (E) 4 Introduction This test method can be
18、 applied if it does not change the value of the cultural property following the ethical code of conservation practice. This test aims to measure water penetration under pressure analogous to incident rainfall. BS EN 16302:2013EN 16302:2013 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method to m
19、easure water absorption of porous inorganic materials used for and constituting cultural property by pipe method. The method may be used on porous inorganic materials which are untreated or have been subjected to any treatment or ageing. The method may be used both in the laboratory and in situ due
20、to its non destructive nature. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the reference
21、d document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15898:2011, Conservation of cultural property Main general terms and definitions 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15898:2011 and the following apply. 3.1 porous inorganic material materi
22、al including natural stones e.g. sandstone, limestone, marble; as well as artificial materials, such as mortar, plaster, brick, and others Note 1 to entry: See EN 15801. 3.2 water absorption by pipe method amount of water (ml) transferred from the pipe through a defined test area (cm2) after a fixed
23、 time, expressed as ml/cm2 3.3 specimen part considered representative of the material constituting an object Note 1 to entry: The specimen can have different origins and can be taken from: materials similar to those constituting the object under study (e.g. stone quarries); specifically prepared co
24、mparative materials e.g. reference materials; available materials from the object. Note 2 to entry: The number and dimension of the specimens can be different depending on constraints encountered in sampling the required amount of material. 4 Principle Determination of the amount and rate at which w
25、ater is absorbed through the test surface that is in contact with water. BS EN 16302:2013EN 16302:2013 (E) 6 5 Symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply: h is the height of the water column measured from the centre of the testing area,
26、 in mm d is the internal diameter of the water column, in mm D is the diameter of the testing area, in cm ti is the time to an intermediate i-measurement, in min tf is the time to the final measurement, in min Qi is the amount of water absorbed at the time ti , in ml Q5 is the amount of water absorb
27、ed after 5 minutes, in ml Qf is the amount of water absorbed at the final time tf, in ml A is the test area, in cm2Wi is the amount of absorbed water (ml/cm2) per unit of surface area, at the time tiWtis the total amount of absorbed water (ml/cm2) at the time to the final measurement tf T is the ave
28、rage ambient temperature, in C RH is the relative humidity, in % 6 Test equipment 6.1 General Typical pipes are made of glass or other transparent material. The most common types of pipes are described in Annex A. Only values obtained with the same type of pipe (identical h, d, D values) can directl
29、y be compared. 6.2 Pipe for vertical surfaces (type V) This type is suitable for measuring the absorption of water through vertical surfaces. The pipe consists of a graduated tube welded at its lower part on a cylinder cell; it shall be designed so that the graduated tube shows divisions each not gr
30、eater than 1/50th of the volume of the tube (Figure 1). BS EN 16302:2013EN 16302:2013 (E) 7 Key 1 water level 2 test surface d internal diameter of the water column, in mm D diameter of the testing area, in cm h height of the water column measured from the centre of the testing area, in mm Figure 1
31、Scheme of pipe type for vertical surface 6.3 Pipe for horizontal surfaces (type H) This type is suitable for measurement of absorption of water through horizontal surfaces. The pipe consists of a graduated tube welded to its lower part on a cylinder cell; it shall be designed so that the graduated t
32、ube shows divisions each not greater than 1/50th of the volume of the tube (Figure 2). BS EN 16302:2013EN 16302:2013 (E) 8 Key 1 water level 2 test surface d internal diameter of the water column, in mm D diameter of the testing area, in cm h height of the water column measured from the centre of th
33、e testing area, in mm Figure 2 Scheme of pipe type for horizontal surface 6.4 Water reservoir The reservoir is connected to the water inlet on the bottom (type V) or on lateral side (type H) of the cell; the connection is secured by a transparent polymeric tube that can be closed by a Hoffman clamp
34、(Figure 3). BS EN 16302:2013EN 16302:2013 (E) 9 Key 1 water Figure 3 Scheme of the water supply for types V and H 6.5 Sealing material This shall be capable of preventing water leakage from the edge of the cell. The sealing materials should not cause any kind of damage/ alteration i.e. staining of t
35、he substrate. BS EN 16302:2013EN 16302:2013 (E) 10 6.6 Chronometer It shall have an accuracy of one second. 7 Experimental conditions 7.1 General The test surface shall be sufficiently flat and homogeneous, without visible cracks, to assure adhesion without leaks. The surface area of the specimen sh
36、ould not be less than D (Annex A). The number and dimensions of test surfaces are dependent on the heterogeneity of the material. Each series shall consist of measurements on at least 3 specimens or 3 different surface areas. In case of anisotropy, each series shall always be tested according to the
37、 same orientation. In case of non homogeneous materials such as mortars containing coarse aggregates, the diameter of the measurement area should be at least three times (and preferably five times) larger than the size of the largest grain. 7.2 “In situ” measurements The experimental surface should
38、be flat, dry and it should not be exposed to direct solar light or rain during the test. It is recommended to record temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) close to the test surface. 7.3 Laboratory measurements Specimen pre-conditioning The pre-conditioning procedure does not apply to treated sp
39、ecimens, to specimens taken from exposed surfaces, or to in situ measurements. For laboratory specimens the surface chosen for the determination of water absorption by pipe method shall be flat and wet polished with sand paper. After polishing, the specimens shall be washed with water, gently brushe
40、d with a soft brush and immersed in deionised water for 30 min. In case of water-sensitive materials, for examples gypsum containing materials, only compressed air shall be used. The test specimens shall be dried to constant mass in a ventilated oven at a temperature of (60 2) C. If the material is
41、temperature-sensitive, the pre-conditioning shall be conducted in a desiccator filled with desiccant or in a ventilated oven at a temperature of (40 2) C until constant mass is reached. Constant mass is reached when the difference between two successive weighing at an interval of 24 hours is not gre
42、ater than 0,1% of the mass of the specimen. Before each weighing and before beginning the test, the specimen shall be kept in a desiccator until room temperature (23 1) C is reached. 7.4 Test procedure The pipe is fixed to the test surface by applying a force to the cell (by means of mechanical devi
43、ces) or by using an appropriate and removable sealing material. Potential staining effects of the sealing shall be tested prior to the measurement procedure. The pipe is carefully filled with water through the water inlet by opening the Hoffman clamp until “ZERO” level is reached. The absence of air
44、 bubbles or leakage must be verified. Tap water, deionised or distilled water may be used for the test. BS EN 16302:2013EN 16302:2013 (E) 11 The chronometer is then started and the change of water level in the graduated column are recorded over time intervals of between ten seconds and one minute (t
45、he interval appropriate depends on the porosity of the measured material). Subsequent readings should be taken every 5 min until a constant value is reached. If constant value is not reached the experiment shall be stopped after 1 h 8 Expression of the results 8.1 General Results of the test measure
46、ments are presented in the form of a water absorption graph with the volume of water absorbed (Qi) as a function of time (ti). 8.2 Calculation of water absorption per unit of surface area Wi, at the time tiThe amount of water absorbed by the test area (expressed in ml per square centimetre) at time
47、ti is calculated as follows: AQWii=8.3 Calculation of total water absorption per unit of surface area Wf, at time tfTotal water absorption is the total amount of absorbed water at the time to the final measurement (tf) per unit area, expressed in ml per square centimetre, calculated as follows: AQWf
48、i=9 Test report The test report shall contain the following information: a) reference to this European Standard; b) the name and address of the test laboratory in which the test was carried out; c) for on site measurements the exact location (coordinates) at which the test was carried out; d) date o
49、f testing (yy-mm-dd); e) type, name, provenance, description of the porous inorganic material including chemical, petrographical, mineralogical and physical characteristics (if available), in accordance with existing standards; f) number, shape, dimensions and orientation of anisotropy present, if any; g) description of the test surface of the specimens, the date when the specimens were prepared, type and date of the treatment applied, if any; h) the type of water used for the test (e.g. tap water, deionised or distilled); i) the type of pipe u
