1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16306:2013Natural stone test methods Determination of resistanceof marble to thermal andmoisture cyclesBS EN 16306:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standa
2、rd is the UK implementation of EN 16306:2013. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/545, Natural stone.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessa
3、ryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013 ISBN 978 0 580 75405 0 ICS 73.020; 91.100.15 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Stand
4、ard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2013. Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS EN 16306:2013EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16306 February 2013 ICS 73.020; 91.100.15 English Version Natur
5、al stone test methods - Determination of resistance of marble to thermal and moisture cycles Mthodes dessai pour pierres naturelles - Dtermination de la rsistance du marbre aux cycles thermiques et dhumidit Prfverfahren fr Naturstein - Bestimmungen der Bestndigkeit von Marmor bei zyklischer Belastun
6、g mit Wrme und Feuchtigkeit This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 December 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date l
7、ists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation und
8、er the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former
9、Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUR
10、OPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16306:2013: EBS EN 16306:2013EN 16306:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword
11、. 3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references . 4 3 Terms and definitions 4 4 Principle 4 5 Symbols 5 6 Apparatus . 5 7 Preparation of specimens 9 7.1 Sampling . 9 7.2 Test specimens 9 7.3 Reference marks on the specimens 10 7.4 Drying the specimen 10 8 Test procedure . 10 8.1 Control measurements before cyc
12、ling 10 8.2 Procedure for bow measurement 10 8.3 Readings, exposure and duration of test 10 8.4 Measurements after exposure . 10 9 Calculation of results . 11 9.1 Bowing magnitude . 11 9.2 Flexural strength 11 10 Precision . 12 11 Test report 12 Annex A (informative) Guidance on limit values 13 A.1
13、General . 13 A.2 Flexural strength 13 Annex B (informative) Non-destructive testing 14 B.1 General . 14 B.2 Ultrasonic velocity . 14 B.3 Modulus of elasticity 15 Annex C (informative) Enhanced petrographic analysis . 16 C.1 General . 16 Bibliography 18 BS EN 16306:2013EN 16306:2013 (E) 3 Foreword Th
14、is document (EN 16306:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 246 “Natural stones”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 20
15、13, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights
16、. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, G
17、ermany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16306:2013EN 16306:2013 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a labora
18、tory method for determining the resistance to thermal and moisture cycling of marble intended for cladding of building facades. For scientific definition of marble, reference is made to EN 12670:2001, Terminology: 2.1.243 a. NOTE Bowing and rapid strength loss is known to occur in some marbles when
19、used as exterior claddings. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced d
20、ocument (including any amendments) applies. EN 12372, Natural stone test methods Determination of flexural strength under concentrated load EN 12670:2001, Natural stone Terminology EN 13161, Natural stone test methods Determination of flexural strength under constant moment EN 14146, Natural stone t
21、est methods Determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (by measuring the fundamental resonance frequency) EN 14579, Natural stone test methods Determination of sound speed propagation EN ISO 4892-1:2000, Plastics - Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 1: General guidance (I
22、SO 4892-1:1999) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 bowing change in shape from flat and planar to a curved or dished shape in a convex or concave direction Note 1 to entry: Other terms commonly used for the same phenomenon are di
23、shing and warping. Convex bowing is quantified by positive values, concave bowing by negative values. 3.2 convex centre part of the specimen is bowing upwards, away from the moist substratum 3.3 concave centre part of the specimen is bowing downwards, against the moist substratum 4 Principle Bowing
24、is measured on test samples exposed to moisture from beneath and heating from above. The temperature interval is from 20C to 80C, one cycle completed each 24 h. The 80 C is measured on a black reference, placed on the surface of one specimen to control the climate of the chamber/bath. BS EN 16306:20
25、13EN 16306:2013 (E) 5 The potential strength loss is measured according to EN 12372 or EN 13161 on reference and exposed specimens (Annex A). 5 Symbols T temperature H0initial height of the specimen at the measuring point mm H difference between the initial height and the height after a given cycle
26、mm HNthe normalised height difference, related to LN = 1 m mm B HN/ LN= the normalised bowing value mm/m Bnbow values after n cycles mm/m L distance between the supports under the specimen = 0,35 m LN normalised length = 1 m 6 Apparatus 6.1 A non-corrosive bath (Figure 1) of sufficient capacity to h
27、old the required number of specimens. The container must be designed in a way that specimens receive continuous moisture from one side and are exposed to cyclic heating on the other side. The container shall be furnished with a device that ensures a constant water level during the cycling. Lying on
28、the bottom of the container is a grating, which is covered by a sheet of heat stable filter cloth. 6.2 A non-corrosive grating that fits the length and width of the container and has a height of at least 1 cm. The function of the grating is to ensure a water reservoir beneath the filter cloth. 6.3 A
29、 soft, heat and dimension stable non-hygroscopic needle filter cloth of thickness approximately 5 mm and without any water soluble substances or chemicals. The cloth (e.g. polyester or PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) needle felt) is to be placed on top of the grating. The function of the cloth is to
30、provide moisture and a uniform support to the specimen. 6.4 Heating panels of sufficient sizes/and numbers to cover the container. The panels must be capable of providing a uniform heat flow, heating the black reference from 20 C to 80 C at average rate of (0,30 0,05) C per minute. The maximum allow
31、ed temperature difference within the bath, during heating exposure, is 3 C. Walls of insulating material should preferably be placed around the container (Figure 1) to avoid unwanted cooling or air circulation. Before the system is taken into use, trial measurements of the temperature shall be perfo
32、rmed at nine surface points widely distributed within the heating frame (Figure 2). The temperature is measured on a uniform surface preferably with an infrared thermometer or a surface measuring thermometer. The temperature readings shall be taken on the surface of the black reference. NOTE 1 The h
33、eating rate may be adjusted by changing the distance between the heating device and the samples, or by controlling the effect of the heater. The heating curve is displayed in Figure 5. 6.5 A black reference plate, according to EN ISO 4892-1:2000 (Figure 3), to establish the maximum surface temperatu
34、re at 80C. The black reference is connected by a thermocouple (cable type K), preferably to a high stability temperature and process controllers. A simple logger is also possible. NOTE 2 The black reference is placed on the surface of the measured sample, preferably in the middle of the container. T
35、he temperature for the experimental exposure is programmed in advance. The heating elements are connected to the whole system and are controlled by the process controller. The temperature of the black reference is BS EN 16306:2013EN 16306:2013 (E) 6 read and the signal is sent to the process control
36、ler that adjusts the heating. The whole system can thus be computer-controlled and the surface temperature can be monitored on-line. 6.6 An infrared thermometer or other thermometer capable of measuring the surface temperature of the specimens. 6.7 A bow-test rig for bow measurements (Figure 4). The
37、 rig is composed of a steel plate with three supporting points upon which the specimen is lying, and three cylinders guiding the edges of the specimen. The supporting points are situated (350 5) mm apart from each other, and they must be well rounded and smooth in order to accommodate for eventual i
38、rregularities in the sawn surface of the specimens. Above the centre of the specimen a gauge is mounted, which shall be readable to 0,001 mm. The whole system shall have an accuracy better than 0,01 mm. 6.8 A reference cylinder (coplanar bases with an accuracy better than 0,005 mm) consisting of a m
39、aterial with a low linear expansion coefficient (e.g. quartz glass or invar steel). 6.9 A ventilated oven capable of maintaining a temperature of (40 5)C. Key 1 heating device 2 insulation 3 water level 4 filter cloth 5 grating NOTE The front wall is omitted here for a better view of the interior. F
40、igure 1 Principle sketch and an example of exposure equipment for testing the potential bowing properties of marble BS EN 16306:2013EN 16306:2013 (E) 7 Figure 2 Location of temperature control points Key 1 black reference 2 thermocouple 3 test specimen Figure 3 Black reference plate (EN ISO 4892-1:2
41、000) for T-measurements BS EN 16306:2013EN 16306:2013 (E) 8 Dimensions in millimetres Key 1 stand 2 gauge 3 reference piece 4 support 5 steel plate (rust resistance) 6 rubber studs 7 guide Figure 4 Schematic drawing of the bow test rig BS EN 16306:2013EN 16306:2013 (E) 9 Key X time (h) Y temperature
42、, black ref. (C) ideal temperature curve upper and lower tolerances Figure 5 Requested temperature cycle and allowed tolerance 7 Preparation of specimens 7.1 Sampling The sampling is not the responsibility of the test laboratory except where specifically requested. At least six specimens are to be e
43、xposed and another set of six specimens are to be used as references for flexural strength measurement of unexposed material. Samples shall be chosen in order to be representative of the batch to be tested. For identification testing, any foliation must be taken into consideration. Six specimens wit
44、h faces perpendicular to and six specimens parallel to the foliation must be selected. For technological tests, it is sufficient to select samples with one set of orientations according to the use of the slabs. NOTE For very heterogeneous marble types, it has proven valuable to double the number of
45、test specimens. 7.2 Test specimens Test specimens shall be slabs with a length of (400 5) mm, a width of (100 5) mm and a thickness of (30 2) mm. The upper surfaces of the specimen shall be honed (not polished) and the back surface shall be smooth. The specimens must not be chemically treated in any
46、 way. BS EN 16306:2013EN 16306:2013 (E) 10 7.3 Reference marks on the specimens To ensure that successive bow measurements are carried out on the same measuring spot and on the same surface and oriented specimens, make indelible marks on the specimens. Number the specimens in consecutive order. 7.4
47、Drying the specimen The specimens are dried in a ventilated oven at (40 5) C for one week and then cooled to ambient temperature (20 5) C before the start of the exposure. 8 Test procedure 8.1 Control measurements before cycling After drying and cooling, a reference (H0) height measurement is carrie
48、d out at the point of the bow measurement. 8.2 Procedure for bow measurement Each specimen is gently placed on the three supporting points touching each of the three guide cylinders. The specimen must be placed exactly in the same manner at each measurement. The pin of the gauge is gently lowered to
49、 the surface of the specimen and the reading is made. Essential to the measurement is also that the specimens, supporters, guides and gauge pin are clean. Water and dust must be removed from the contact points before measuring of each test specimen. The test is sensitive and the specimens must be handled very carefully. When the specimen is lifted, it is done so by carefully holding at each end of the slab. Never put anything on the specimen or apply any kind of pressure to it since it will affect the res
