1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16413:2014Ambient air Biomonitoringwith lichens Assessingepiphytic lichen diversityBS EN 16413:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16413:2014.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommit
2、tee EH/2/3, Ambient atmospheres.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution
3、 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 77793 6ICS 13.040.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2014.Amendments issued
4、since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16413:2014EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16413 February 2014 ICS 13.040.20 English Version Ambient air - Biomonitoring with lichens - Assessing epiphytic lichen diversity Air ambiant - Biosurveillance laide de lichens - Evaluation de la
5、diversit de lichens piphytes Auenluft - Biomonitoring mit Flechten - Kartierung der Diversitt epiphytischer Flechten This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 December 2013. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving thi
6、s European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official v
7、ersions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austr
8、ia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden
9、, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN
10、national Members. Ref. No. EN 16413:2014 EBS EN 16413:2014EN 16413:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 0 Introduction 4 0.1 Biomonitoring and air quality .4 0.2 Biomonitoring and EU legislation 4 0.3 Biomonitoring with lichens .5 1 Scope 6 2 Terms and definitions .6 3 Principles 7 4 Equipment 8 4.1
11、Field work preparation equipment .8 4.2 Field equipment .8 4.3 Laboratory equipment .9 5 Sampling 10 5.1 General . 10 5.2 Sampling objective . 10 5.3 Study type considered . 10 5.4 Sampling design . 11 5.4.1 General . 11 5.4.2 Prior to sampling 11 5.4.3 Standard tree species selection for a survey 1
12、1 5.4.4 Standard tree parameter 12 5.4.5 Sampling scheme . 13 5.4.6 Sampling unit 16 5.4.7 Sampling density 16 5.4.8 Surveying lichens . 17 5.4.9 Identification in laboratory of critical specimens 17 6 Lichen species frequencies . 17 7 Recommendations for Quality Assurance and Quality Control 17 Ann
13、ex A (informative) Example of survey sheets . 20 Annex B (informative) Calculating lichen diversity metrics. 22 B.1 General . 22 B.2 Lichen Diversity Value (LDV) . 22 B.3 Diversity value of the indicators of eutrophication (e.g. LDVN sensu VDI 3957 Part 13) 23 Annex C (informative) Suitable tree spe
14、cies . 24 Annex D (informative) Sampling density calculations . 25 Annex E (informative) Information needed at the end of the survey 26 Annex F (informative) Main phases of application of this European Standard . 27 Bibliography . 28 BS EN 16413:2014EN 16413:2014 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 164
15、13:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2014, and conflicting na
16、tional standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN
17、-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungar
18、y, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16413:2014EN 16413:2014 (E) 4 0 Introduction 0.1 Biomonitoring and air quality The impact of air poll
19、ution is of growing importance worldwide. Local and regional assessment is necessary as a first step to collect fundamental information, which can be used to avoid, prevent and minimize harmful effects on human health and the environment as a whole. Biomonitoring may serve as a tool for such a purpo
20、se. As the effects on indicator organisms are a time-integrated result of complex influences combining both air quality and local climatic conditions, this holistic biological approach is considered particularly close to human and environmental health end points and thus is relevant to air quality m
21、anagement. It is important to emphasize that biomonitoring data are completely different from those obtained through physico-chemical measurements (ambient concentrations and deposition) and computer modelling (emissions data). Biomonitoring provides evidence of the effects that airborne pollutants
22、have on organisms. As such it reveals biologically relevant, field-based, time- and space-integrated indications of environmental health as a whole. Legislation states that there should be no harmful environmental effects from air pollution. This requirement can be met only by investigating the effe
23、cts at the biological level. The application of biomonitoring in air quality and environmental management requires rigorous standards and a recognized regime so that it can be evaluated in the same way as physico-chemical measurements and modelling in pollution management. Biomonitoring is the tradi
24、tional way through which environmental changes have been detected historically. Various standard works on biomonitoring provide an overview of the state of the science at the time, e.g. 1, 2, 3. The first investigations of passive biomonitoring are documented in the middle of the 19th century: by mo
25、nitoring the development of epiphytic lichens it was discovered that the lichens were damaged during the polluted period in winter and recovered and showed strong growth in summer 4. These observations identified lichens as important bioindicators. Later investigations also dealt with bioaccumulator
26、s. An active biomonitoring procedure with bush beans was first initiated in 1899 5. 0.2 Biomonitoring and EU legislation Biomonitoring methods in terrestrial environments respond to a variety of requirements and objectives of EU environmental policy primarily in the fields of air quality (Directive
27、2008/50/EC on ambient air, 6), integrated pollution prevention and control (Directive 2008/1/EC 7, and Directive 2010/75/EU 8) and conservation (Habitats Directive). The topics food chain (9) and animal feed (10, 11, 12) are alluded to as well. For air quality in Europe, the legislator requires adeq
28、uate monitoring of air quality, including pollution deposition as well as avoidance, prevention or reduction of harmful effects. Biomonitoring methods appertain to the scope of short and long-term air quality assessment. Directive 2004/107/EC of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury
29、, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air (13) states that “the use of bio indicators may be considered where regional patterns of the impact on ecosystems are to be assessed”. Concerning IPPC from industrial installations, the permit procedure includes two particular environmenta
30、l conditions for setting adequate emission limit values. The asserted concepts of “effects” and “sensitivity of the local environment” open up a broad field for biomonitoring methods, in relation to the general impact on air quality and the deposition of operational-specific pollutants. The basic pr
31、operties of biomonitoring methods can be used advantageously for various applications such as reference inventories prior to the start of a new installation, the mapping of the potential pollution reception areas and (long-term) monitoring of the impact caused by industrial activity. The environment
32、al inspection of installations demands the examination of the full range of environmental effects. For the public authority, biomonitoring data contribute to the decision-making process, e.g. concerning the question of tolerance of impacts at the local scale. The Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC on the
33、 conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora 14) requires competent authorities to consider or review planning permission and other activities affecting a European designated site where the integrity of the site could be adversely affected. The Directive also BS EN 16413:2014EN 1641
34、3:2014 (E) 5 provides for the control of potentially damaging operations, whereby consent may only be granted once it has been shown through appropriate assessment that the proposed operation will not adversely affect the integrity of the site. The responsibility lies with the applicant to demonstra
35、te that there is no adverse effect on such a conservation area. For this purpose, biomonitoring is well suited as a non-intrusive form of environmental assessment. As an important element within its integrated environmental policy, in 2003 the European Commission adopted a European Environment and H
36、ealth Strategy (15) with the overall aim of reducing diseases caused by environmental factors in Europe. In Chapter 5 of this document it is stated that the “community approach entails the collection and linking of data on environmental pollutants in all the different environmental compartments (inc
37、luding the cycle of pollutants) and in the whole ecosystem (bio-indicators) to health data (epidemiological, toxicological, morbidity)”. The European Environment and Health Action Plan 2004-2010 (16) which followed the adoption of this strategy focusses on human biomonitoring, but emphasizes the nee
38、d to “develop integrated monitoring of the environment, including food, to allow the determination of relevant human exposure“. 0.3 Biomonitoring with lichens Many lichens, due to their morphological, ecological and physiological peculiarities, are extremely sensitive to changes in their environment
39、 (17, 18) such as eutrophication (19, 20), climate (21, 22) and woodland management (23, 24). Lichen diversity is an excellent indicator of pollution from phytotoxic gaseous substances (18, 25). Lichens respond relatively fast to a deterioration in air quality and can re-colonize urban and industria
40、l environments as a consequence of changing conditions within a few years, as recorded in many parts of Europe (e.g. 26, 27). The method described here determines the actual state of lichen diversity before or after exposure to air pollution and/or other types of environmental stresses. Correlative
41、studies between lichen diversity and epidemiological studies suggest that bioindicators can be useful tools for detecting the possible effects of air pollution on human health (28). This European Standard proposes a standardized method to assess lichen diversity on tree bark and is largely based on
42、the German VDI standard on lichen mapping (29, 30), the French national standard (31), the Italian guidelines (32, 33) and the publication by Asta et al. (34). The interpretation of geographic patterns and temporal trends of lichen diversity may be assisted by using ecological indicator values (35,
43、36, 37, 38), multivariate statistics, such as numerical analysis of matrices of species (39, 40), non-parametric models (41, 42) or other statistical tools. BS EN 16413:2014EN 16413:2014 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard aims to provide a reliable, repeatable and objective method for assessing ep
44、iphytic lichen diversity. According to international literature on the topic (see e.g. 18 for an overall outline), it provides a framework for assessing the impact of anthropogenic intervention, particularly for estimating the effects of atmospheric pollution. 2 Terms and definitions For the purpose
45、s of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 biomonitoring use of biological systems (organisms and organism communities) to monitor environmental change over space and/or time Note 1 to entry: Biological systems can be further considerd as bioindicators. 2.2 bioindicator organ
46、ism or a part of it or an organism community (biocoenosis) which documents environmental impacts Note 1 to entry: It encompasses bioaccumulators and response indicators. 2.3 bioaccumulator organism which can indicate environmental conditions and their modification by accumulating substances present
47、in the environment (air, water or soil) at the surface and/or internally 2.4 response indicator effect indicator organism which can indicate environmental conditions and their modification by either showing specific symptoms (molecular, biochemical, cellular, physiological, anatomical or morphologic
48、al) or by its presence/absence in the ecosystem 2.5 lichen ecologically obligate, self-supporting symbiotic association of a fungus (the mycobiont, generally an ascomycete) and one or more populations of green algae and/or cyanobacteria (the photobionts), which results in a stable vegetative structu
49、re (“thallus”) with a definite morphology 2.6 lichen community biocoenosis assemblage of populations of lichens, whose composition and aspect is determined by the properties of the environment and by their relationship with other epiphytes, animals, etc. 2.7 lichen diversity species richness found on the bark of standard trees at a height ranging between 1 m and 1,5 m, above the base of the trunk at four different aspects (NSEW) Note 1 to entry: See Annex B. BS EN 16413:2014EN 16413:20
