1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16414:2014Ambient air Biomonitoringwith mosses Accumulationof atmospheric contaminantsin mosses collected in situ:from the collection to thepreparation of samplesBS EN 16414:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1641
2、4:2014.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/2/3, Ambient atmospheres.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. User
3、s are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 77794 3ICS 13.040.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of th
4、eStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16414:2014EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16414 February 2014 ICS 13.040.20 English Version Ambient air - Biomonitoring with mosses - Accumulation of atmospher
5、ic contaminants in mosses collected in situ: from the collection to the preparation of samples Air ambiant - Biosurveillance laide de mousses - Accumulation des contaminants atmosphriques dans les mousses prleves in situ: de la rcolte la prparation des chantillons Auenluft - Biomonitoring mit Moosen
6、 - Akkumulation von Luftschadstoffen in Moosen (passives Monitoring): Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 December 2013. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European St
7、andard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (Engl
8、ish, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium,
9、Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
10、, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Memb
11、ers. Ref. No. EN 16414:2014 EBS EN 16414:2014EN 16414:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 0 Introduction 4 0.1 Biomonitoring and air quality .4 0.2 Biomonitoring and EU legislation 4 0.3 Biomonitoring with in situ mosses 5 1 Scope 6 2 Terms and definitions .6 3 Principle of the method .7 4 Equipment
12、 7 4.1 Field equipment .7 4.2 Laboratory equipment .8 5 Sampling design 8 5.1 General 8 5.2 Monitoring regional patterns of deposition 8 5.3 Monitoring localized emission source 9 6 Sampling strategy 9 6.1 General 9 6.2 Moss species . 10 6.3 Period of collection. 10 6.4 Sampling unit characteristics
13、 10 7 Sampling procedure . 11 7.1 General . 11 7.2 Moss sample . 11 7.3 Sample collection . 11 7.4 Packing 11 8 Sample preparation 12 8.1 Sample cleaning 12 8.2 Sample homogenization 12 8.3 Sample storage . 12 9 Recommendations for sample analysis . 12 10 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 12 10.
14、1 General . 12 10.2 Quality Control 13 10.2.1 Overall variability 13 10.2.2 Interspecies calibration 13 10.2.3 Storage of the samples 13 10.3 Quality Assurance 13 Annex A (informative) Example of a survey sheet 14 Annex B (informative) Example of the location of the sampling units near an emission s
15、ource 15 Annex C (informative) List of main moss species used in published bioaccumulation studies . 16 Bibliography . 17 BS EN 16414:2014EN 16414:2014 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 16414:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by
16、DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that som
17、e of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to impl
18、ement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania
19、, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16414:2014EN 16414:2014 (E) 4 0 Introduction 0.1 Biomonitoring and air quality The impact of air pollution is of growing importance worldwide. Local and regional assessment is necessary as a first step to collect
20、fundamental information, which can be used to avoid, prevent and minimize harmful effects on human health and the environment as a whole. Biomonitoring may serve as a tool for such a purpose. As the effects on indicator organisms are a time-integrated result of complex influences combining both air
21、quality and local climatic conditions, this holistic biological approach is considered particularly close to human and environmental health end points and thus is relevant to air quality management. It is important to emphasize that biomonitoring data are completely different from those obtained thr
22、ough physico-chemical measurements (ambient concentrations and deposition) and computer modelling (emissions data). Biomonitoring provides evidence of the effects that airborne pollutants have on organisms. As such it reveals biologically relevant, field-based, time- and space-integrated indications
23、 of environmental health as a whole. Legislation states that there should be no harmful environmental effects from air pollution. This requirement can only be met by investigating the effects at the biological level. The application of biomonitoring in air quality and environmental management requir
24、es rigorous standards and a recognized regime so that it can be evaluated in the same way as physico-chemical measurements and modelling in pollution management. Biomonitoring is the traditional way through which environmental changes have been detected historically. Various standard works on biomon
25、itoring provide an overview of the state of the science at the time, e.g. 1, 2, 3 The first investigations of passive biomonitoring are documented in the middle of the 19th century: by monitoring the development of epiphytic lichens it was discovered that the lichens were damaged during the polluted
26、 period in winter and recovered and showed strong growth in summer 4. These observations identified lichens as important bioindicators. Later investigations also dealt with bioaccumulators. An active biomonitoring procedure with bush beans was first initiated in 1899 5. 0.2 Biomonitoring and EU legi
27、slation Biomonitoring methods in terrestrial environments respond to a variety of requirements and objectives of EU environmental policy primarily in the fields of air quality (Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air, 6), integrated pollution prevention and control (Directive 2008/1/EC, 7, and Directive
28、 2010/75/EU, 8) and conservation (Habitats Directive). The topics food chain (9) and animal feed (10, 11, 12) are alluded to as well. For air quality in Europe, the legislator requires adequate monitoring of air quality, including pollution deposition as well as avoidance, prevention or reduction of
29、 harmful effects. Biomonitoring methods appertain to the scope of short and long-term air quality assessment. Directive 2004/107/EC of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air (13) states that “the use of bio indicators may be
30、 considered where regional patterns of the impact on ecosystems are to be assessed”. Concerning IPPC from industrial installations, the permit procedure includes two particular environmental conditions for setting adequate emission limit values. The asserted concepts of “effects” and “sensitivity of
31、 the local environment” open up a broad field for biomonitoring methods, in relation to the general impact on air quality and the deposition of operational-specific pollutants. The basic properties of biomonitoring methods can be used advantageously for various applications such as reference invento
32、ries prior to the start of a new installation, the mapping of the potential pollution reception areas and (long-term) monitoring of the impact caused by industrial activity. The environmental inspection of installations demands the examination of the full range of environmental effects. For the publ
33、ic authority, biomonitoring data contribute to the decision-making process, e.g. concerning the question of tolerance of impacts at the local scale. The Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora 14) requires competent authorities to consider or
34、 review planning permission and other activities affecting a European designated site where the integrity of the site could be adversely affected. The Directive also BS EN 16414:2014EN 16414:2014 (E) 5 provides for the control of potentially damaging operations, whereby consent may only be granted o
35、nce it has been shown through appropriate assessment that the proposed operation will not adversely affect the integrity of the site. The responsibility lies with the applicant to demonstrate that there is no adverse effect on such a conservation area. For this purpose, biomonitoring is well suited
36、as a non-intrusive form of environmental assessment. As an important element within its integrated environmental policy, in 2003 the European Commission adopted a European Environment and Health Strategy (15) with the overall aim of reducing diseases caused by environmental factors in Europe. In Cha
37、pter 5 of this document it is stated that the “community approach entails the collection and linking of data on environmental pollutants in all the different environmental compartments (including the cycle of pollutants) and in the whole ecosystem (bio-indicators) to health data (epidemiological, to
38、xicological, morbidity)”. The European Environment and Health Action Plan 2004-2010 (16) which followed the adoption of this strategy focusses on human biomonitoring, but emphasizes the need to “develop integrated monitoring of the environment, including food, to allow the determination of relevant
39、human exposure“. 0.3 Biomonitoring with in situ mosses Mosses in the strict sense are non-vascular plants belonging to the Bryophyta phylum. They are composed of a leafy stem (or gametophyte) bearing reproductive organs and one or more sporophytes, made up of a capsule attached to the end of a stalk
40、 that grows out of the gametophyte. According to the morphology of the moss and the position of the sporophytes, mosses are sorted into the pleurocarpous or acrocarpous main types. For most mosses, the lack of roots, vascular system, or protective cuticle means that water and nutrients come mainly f
41、rom dry, wet and occult deposition. Therefore contaminant levels in tissues of terrestrial mosses originate mainly from the atmosphere. The high surface-to-volume ratio, the large contact surface due to many leaves overlapping around the stem, as well as thin leaves (made of a single cell-layer), en
42、able mosses to trap particles efficiently. As a result, particulate and dissolved air contaminants are taken up and retained by mosses, either on leaf surfaces or inside moss tissues. For these reasons, terrestrial mosses have been commonly used in air monitoring programmes as bioaccumulators of a w
43、ide range of atmospheric contaminants, particularly mineral compounds and elements, especially metals but also organic substances (persistent organic pollutants) and radioactive isotopes (17, 18). BS EN 16414:2014EN 16414:2014 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard describes the sampling protocol and
44、the preparation of samples of in situ mosses to monitor the bioaccumulation of atmospheric contaminants. This European Standard specifies the actions that shall be taken from the field sampling of mosses to their final preparation before analysis for targeted contaminants. This European Standard is
45、of interest to all operators wishing to conduct air quality biomonitoring studies. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 biomonitoring use of biological systems (organisms and organism communities) to monitor environmental change ov
46、er space and/or time Note 1 to entry: Biological systems can be further considered as bioindicators. 2.2 bioindicator organism or a part of it or an organism community (biocoenosis) which documents environmental impacts Note 1 to entry: It encompasses bioaccumulators and response indicators. 2.3 bio
47、accumulator organism which can indicate environmental conditions and their modification by accumulating substances present in the environment (air, water or soil) at the surface and/or internally 2.4 response indicator effect indicator organism which can indicate environmental conditions and their m
48、odification by either showing specific symptoms (molecular, biochemical, cellular, physiological, anatomical or morphological) or by its presence/absence in the ecosystem 2.5 acrocarpous moss moss with gametophyte producing sporophyte at apex of a stem or main branch, which generally grows erect in
49、tufts (rather than mats) and are sparsely or not branched SOURCE: Bibliographical reference 19, modified The definition has been grammatically changed so that it can replace the term in context. 2.6 pleurocarpous moss moss producing sporophytes laterally from a perichaetial bud or a short specialized branch rather than at the stem tip Note 1 to entry: With stems usually prostrate, creeping and freely branched moss growing in mats rather than tufts. SOURCE: Bibliographical reference 19 BS EN 16414:2014EN 16414:2014 (E) 7 2
