1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16431:2014Railway applications Track Hollow sleepers and bearersBS EN 16431:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16431:2014.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee RAE/2, Railway
2、Applications - Track.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Publ
3、ished by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 77846 9ICS 93.100Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2014.Amendments issued since publicationD
4、ate Text affectedBS EN 16431:2014EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16431 July 2014 ICS 93.100 English Version Railway applications - Track - Hollow sleepers and bearers Applications ferroviaires - Voie - Traverses et supports creux Bahnanwendungen - Oberbau - Hohlschwellen fr Glei
5、se und Weichen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 April 2014. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and biblio
6、graphical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsi
7、bility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republ
8、ic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALI
9、SATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16431:2014 EBS EN 16431:2014EN 16431:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 4 1
10、Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations 5 3.1 Terms and definitions .5 3.2 Abbreviations .6 4 Requirements .6 4.1 General 6 4.2 General requirements 7 4.3 Functional requirements .7 4.4 Design requirements .8 4.5 Materials .8 4.6 Environmental requirements 9 4.6.1 Env
11、ironmental test standards 9 4.6.2 Hot and cold temperature .9 4.6.3 Flammability .9 4.6.4 Effect of exposure to severe environmental conditions (optional) 9 4.7 Requirements for interfaces with mechanical equipments in case of integrated system (optional) .9 5 Test methods 9 5.1 General 9 5.2 Tests
12、for fastening system and interface 9 5.2.1 Effect of repeated loading .9 5.2.2 Fixation of the fastening system on body 10 5.2.3 Attenuation of impact loads (Optional test) . 10 5.2.4 Pad and assembly stiffness (Optional test) . 10 5.3 Bending test for the body 10 5.4 Electrical resistance . 11 5.5
13、Field test 11 6 Acceptance criteria for homologation 11 6.1 Fastening system and interface acceptance criteria 11 6.1.1 Effect of repeated loading 11 6.1.2 Fixation of the fastening system on body (optional test) . 11 6.1.3 Attenuation of impact loads (optional test) . 12 6.1.4 Pad and assembly stif
14、fness (optional test) 12 6.2 Body acceptance criteria . 12 6.2.1 Bending test acceptance criteria 12 6.2.2 Other acceptance criteria checked by FEM calculation . 12 6.3 Electrical acceptance criteria 12 6.4 Field test acceptance criteria 13 7 Tests and tolerance for quality control 13 7.1 Dimension
15、tolerances 13 7.2 Electrical resistance . 13 8 Quality 14 8.1 General . 14 8.2 Quality control during homologation tests 14 BS EN 16431:2014EN 16431:2014 (E) 3 8.3 Quality control during manufacturing (Routine tests) 14 9 Traceability . 15 Annex A (normative) Effect on repeated loading on fastening
16、system and interface . 16 A.1 General . 16 A.2 Symbols 16 A.3 Principle . 17 A.4 Apparatus . 17 A.4.1 Rail 17 A.4.2 Load application head. 18 A.4.3 Verification of calibration . 18 A.5 Test specimens 18 A.5.1 Sleeper or other rail support 18 A.5.2 Fastening 19 A.6 Test procedure . 19 A.6.1 General .
17、 19 A.6.2 Preparation for test . 19 A.6.3 Cyclic loading 19 A.6.4 Visual inspection . 20 A.6.5 Rail foot lateral displacement 20 A.7 Test report 21 Annex B (normative) Bending test for body only 22 B.1 Scope 22 B.2 Apparatus . 22 B.2.1 Load application devices 22 B.3 Test specimens 24 B.3.1 Hollow s
18、leeper or bearer body . 24 B.4 Procedure . 24 B.4.1 General . 24 B.4.2 Test arrangement 24 B.4.3 Resilient pad 25 B.4.4 Procedure . 26 B.5 Test report 27 Bibliography 28 BS EN 16431:2014EN 16431:2014 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 16431:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Ra
19、ilway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2015 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by Ja
20、nuary 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the Europe
21、an Commission and the European Free Trade Association. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finl
22、and, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16431:2014EN 16431:2014 (E
23、) 5 1 Scope This European Standard defines technical criteria and control procedures which are satisfied by hollow sleepers and bearers used in ballasted track with Vignole rails. The hollow sleepers and bearers designed for ballasted track can also be used in ballastless track. In this case, the re
24、quirements are defined by the customer. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
25、referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13481 (all parts), Railway applications - Track - Performance requirements for fastening systems EN 13146-3, Railway applications - Track - Test methods for fastening systems - Part 3: Determination of attenuation of impact loads EN 13146-5,
26、 Railway applications - Track - Test methods for fastening systems - Part 5: Determination of electrical resistance EN 13146-6, Railway applications - Track - Test methods for fastening systems - Part 6: Effect of severe environmental conditions EN 13146-9, Railway applications - Track - Test method
27、s for fastening systems - Part 9: Determination of stiffness EN 50125-3, Railway applications - Environmental conditions for equipment Part 3: Equipment for signalling and telecommunications EN ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials - Verification of static uniaxial testing machines - Part 1: Tension/compre
28、ssion testing machines - Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system (ISO 7500-1) 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1.1 hollow sleepers sleepers and bearers with hollow struc
29、ture, with support for Vignole rails on ballasted or ballastless track, including the fastenings systems and all components, with a minimum of 50 % of the cross sectional-area hollow throughout its length 3.1.2 body hollow structure which is in contact with the ballast/slab and supports the fastenin
30、g system and other components BS EN 16431:2014EN 16431:2014 (E) 6 3.1.3 interface any device used to fix the fastening system or any equipment to the hollow sleeper or bearer body 3.1.4 top width maximum width of the hollow sleepers at the top (including the body and the fastening system) 3.1.5 bott
31、om width maximum width of the hollow sleepers at the bottom level of the body (in the tamping area) 3.1.6 tamping area distance on each side to the rail centre where the ballast has to be tamped 3.1.7 bending moment moment applied on the hollow sleeper or bearer which produces tension and compressio
32、n in the element 3.1.8 positive bending moment moment which produces tension or reduces compression at the bottom of the hollow sleeper or bearer 3.1.9 negative bending moment moment which produces tension or reduces compression at the top of the hollow sleeper or bearer 3.2 Abbreviations For the pu
33、rposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply. MGT Mass Gross Tons USP Under Sleeper Pad FEM Finite Element Method fykCharacteristic value of yield strength 4 Requirements 4.1 General The main requirement of hollow sleepers and bearers is the transmission of vertical, lateral and longit
34、udinal loads of the wheel from the rail to the ballast. In addition, a minimum of 50 % of the cross-sectional area is hollow to permit containment of the following devices and/or systems for example: switch and crossing actuation, detection and locking (in the case of bearers); wheel detection; rods
35、, bars, cables, pipes, etc. A sufficient space for maintenance of these devices and/or systems shall be considered. BS EN 16431:2014EN 16431:2014 (E) 7 In this standard electrical, mechanical, chemical and corrosion tests for approval are defined which provide assurance of the capability of hollow s
36、leepers and bearers to resist repetitive loading and provide sufficient durability. Additional controls during the manufacturing process are not part of this standard and shall follow the corresponding material test standards. 4.2 General requirements The body of the hollow sleepers and bearers shal
37、l be designed in order to support the bending moments due to the traffic load. NOTE Test load, given in Table 1 and Table 2, correspond to the category C of EN 13481 and category E limited to a maximum axle load of 300 kN. 4.3 Functional requirements All types of hollow sleepers and bearers shall me
38、et the following requirements: the height between the top of the rail and the bottom of the hollow sleeper or bearer shall be defined by the customer. This height is usually the same as the neighbouring sleepers or bearers. The bottom of the hollow sleeper or bearer should be aligned at the same lev
39、el as the bottom of the adjacent sleepers and bearers in order to guarantee stability (mounting on same ballast level); the tamping area shall be defined by the customer; the weight of the hollow sleeper (including rail fastening, cover plates) shall be 100 kg/m; the maximum bottom width shall be 35
40、0 mm, and flat part of the bottom shall represent minimum 80 % of the bottom width (see Figure 1); the fastening system and the mechanical resistance of the body shall be checked according to Clauses 5 and 6 of this standard, the fastening system shall only use components from homologated fastening
41、systems according to EN 13481 series. the electrical resistance shall be checked according to 5.4, 6.3 and 7.2 of this standard. Hollow bearers shall fulfil the following additional requirements: the maximum top width in the tamping area shall be 425 mm (see Figure 1); the length of the hollow beare
42、rs shall be defined by the customer (regarding, transportation and installation limits or regulations); the position of the tamping area and the dimensions of the hollow bearer body shall be agreed between supplier and customer. Hollow sleepers in track shall fulfil the following additional requirem
43、ents: the maximum top width shall not exceed 350 mm (see Figure 1); the length of the hollow sleeper shall be the same as neighbouring sleepers. BS EN 16431:2014EN 16431:2014 (E) 8 Key a Maximum top width b maximum bottom width c flat part of the bottom Figure 1 Dimensions of hollow sleeper or beare
44、r 4.4 Design requirements Cover plates on both end faces and on the top of the hollow sleepers and bearers shall be installed to prevent ballast penetration. Cover plates shall also be designed to withstand aerodynamic effects. If there are two (or more) consecutive hollow sleepers or bearers, the l
45、ateral track resistance shall be considered. If an USP is used, the USP shall be fixed on flat part of bottom area. The connection between USP and the bottom of the hollow sleeper or bearer shall be verified on the principle of the relevant USP standard (pull off test). Sufficient drainage shall be
46、incorporated in to the design. Hollow bearers shall be designed to ensure that the normal operation of actuation, locking and detection equipment is not adversely affected by temperature, ice formation, snow or water penetration. 4.5 Materials Metallic body materials shall be specified by the suppli
47、er with their relevant standards and agreed by the customer. If using other body materials, the supplier shall specify their relevant standards or their mechanical and environmental characteristics in case of the non-existence of a standard. BS EN 16431:2014EN 16431:2014 (E) 9 The materials used for
48、 the others components shall be agreed between customer and supplier. 4.6 Environmental requirements 4.6.1 Environmental test standards Hollow bearers (including fastening system) shall fulfil environmental tests only as part of the integrated system with actuating, locking and detection devices acc
49、ording to EN 50125-3. The customer shall define the tests amongst the list of tests of this standard and the corresponding criteria. 4.6.2 Hot and cold temperature The equipment shall operate in ambient air temperatures within the range of 25 C to +40 C for indefinite periods. For materials other than steel, the supplier shall verify (by calculation or testing) in this temperature range that the gauge modification shall not exceed 2 mm. 4.6.3 Flammability The equipment in a hollow sleeper or bearer shall be, where practicable, manufactured fr
