1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16812:2016Textiles and textile products Electrically conductivetextiles Determination ofthe linear electrical resistanceof conductive tracksBS EN 16812:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16812:2016.The UK particip
2、ation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee TCI/80, Chemical testing of textiles.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are respons
3、ible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 85042 4ICS 59.080.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Po
4、licy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2016.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16812:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16812 April 2016 ICS 59.080.01 English Version Textiles and textile products - Electrically conductive textiles - Determination of the
5、linear electrical resistance of conductive tracks Textiles et produits textiles - Textiles lectriquement conducteurs - Dtermination de la rsistance lectrique linaire des pistes conductrices Textilien und textile Erzeugnisse - Elektrisch leitfhige Textilien - Bestimmung des linearen elektrischen Wide
6、rstands von Leiterbahnen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 February 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lis
7、ts and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under
8、 the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yu
9、goslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey andUnited Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPE
10、N DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16812:2016 EBS EN 16812:2016EN 16812:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page E
11、uropean foreword . 3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Terms and definitions . 4 4 Principle of test 5 5 Test equipment 5 6 Test specimens . 6 6.1 Number of test specimens 6 6.2 Dimensions of specimens . 6 6.3 Conditioning 6 6.4 Relaxation 6 7 Test set-up . 6 7.1 General 6 7.2 Test set-up for a “
12、four electrode four wire method” . 6 7.3 Test set-up for a “two electrode four wire method” 7 8 Test procedure . 8 8.1 General 8 8.2 Preparation of conductive track contact points 8 8.3 Tensioning . 9 8.3.1 General 9 8.3.2 Yarns 9 8.3.3 Fabrics . 9 8.4 Contacting/ clamping of the specimen 9 8.5 Modu
13、s operandi and calculation of results. 10 8.5.1 “Four electrode four wire method” 10 8.5.2 “Two electrode - four wire measurement” . 10 9 Test report 11 Annex A (informative) Four point (wire) Kelvin method . 13 A.1 “Four electrode four wire method” 13 A.2 “Two electrode four wire method” . 14 Bibli
14、ography . 15 BS EN 16812:2016EN 16812:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 16812:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 248 “Textiles and textile products”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, eith
15、er by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/
16、or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
17、 Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
18、 BS EN 16812:2016EN 16812:2016 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard describes a test method for the determination of the linear electric resistance of conductive tracks for textile structures or intended for application in/ to textiles, e.g. yarns, printed or coated tracks, ropes, ribbons and webbin
19、g. This European Standard is designed for materials showing ohmic behaviour. This European Standard is designed for conductive tracks where electrical contact between the measurement electrodes and the conductive track is possible. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part,
20、 are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12127, Textiles Fabrics Determination of mass per
21、 unit area using small samples EN ISO 139, Textiles Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing (ISO 139) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 textile-based electrically conductive track electrically conductive part of the te
22、xtile having a length to width ratio of minimum 10 to 1 Note 1 to entry: Examples for textile based electrically conductive tracks and how to determine their length (L) and width (w) are given in Figure 1 3.2 Ohmic behaviour conductors behaviour following Ohms law Note 1 to entry: Ohms law is a fund
23、amental law of electricity, stating that the voltage at the terminals of an ideal resistor is proportional to the current in the resistor (voltage U across the terminals equals resistance R times current I) www.electropedia.org IEV ref 1311508. Note 2 to entry: In this standard U is used for the mea
24、sured voltage, according to the IEC electropedia (www.electropedia.org). 3.3 linear electrical resistance RLelectrical resistance per unit length of a track, as determined in this standard (expressed in ohm/m) 3.4 wire lead or measurement point used in the four point Kelvin method 3.5 electrode cont
25、act between the measurement wire and the sample BS EN 16812:2016EN 16812:2016 (E) 5 Figure 1 Different types of conductive tracks, with indication on how to determine the width (W) and the length (L) of the track. Images adapted from EN ISO 8388 4 Principle of test This test describes a procedure to
26、 measure the linear electrical resistance of textile based electrically conductive tracks using the measurement principle of the four wire (four point) Kelvin method and a DC current source. This test method can be performed as “four electrode - four wire method” or “two electrode - four wire method
27、”. By using four electrodes the contact resistances between the electrodes and the sample are compensated. As a result this method requires less measurements and calculations as compared to the “two electrode four wire method”. This is why the “four electrode - four wire method” is preferred. In cas
28、es where it is not feasible to prepare the necessary four contacts for the electrodes, “the two electrode four wire method” can be used. 5 Test equipment The test equipment shall consist of: an electrical current source able to deliver a stable DC current in the range necessary for the measurement;
29、a volt-meter capable of measuring voltages in the range necessary for the measurement. NOTE An Ohm meter in accordance with EN 600516, suitable for four wire measurements, can also be used. Contacting electrodes, which shall be clean, oxide free and undamaged, and suitable for low-resistance measure
30、ments e.g. made of chrome or gold finished copper. The electrodes shall be suitable for soft materials e.g. have a flat contact surface. A calibrated ruler to measure the distance between the voltage electrodes (edge to edge), with the resolution of at least 3 significant digits in relation to the s
31、ample length. The ruler should preferably be integrated in the clamping device. BS EN 16812:2016EN 16812:2016 (E) 6 An insulating surface on which the specimen is placed. An insulating surface has a surface resistance of 109 reduced to a square, also commonly expressed as / or /sq. Alternatively the
32、 specimen can also be suspended in air. 6 Test specimens 6.1 Number of test specimens Five representative specimens per sample shall be tested. NOTE Resistance may depend on the orientation of the sample taken out of the textile structure. Additional specimens may be required as discussed in 8.5. 6.
33、2 Dimensions of specimens The specimen length shall be chosen such that: the distance d between the voltage electrodes is at least 10 times the width w of the conductive track; a recommended distance d is 50 cm, taking into account the requirements mentioned below. the part between the voltage elect
34、rodes represents the full structure of the conductive track the specimen fits into the measurement set-up, including clamping device and current electrodes. 6.3 Conditioning Test specimens shall be stored for at least 24 h in standard atmosphere conditions (20 C and 65 % RH in accordance with EN ISO
35、 139). 6.4 Relaxation Relaxation of the fabrics shall be performed according to EN 12127. It is important to ensure that the fabrics are in the relaxed state prior to testing. The fabrics shall be kept in a flat tension free state for at least 24h, during conditioning. Knitted fabrics may require a
36、longer relaxation treatment, as agreed upon between the interested parties. 7 Test set-up 7.1 General In the following the test set-up is described with the level of detail needed for implementing this standard. A more detailed description of the test set-up can be found in Annex A. 7.2 Test set-up
37、for a “four electrode four wire method” This set-up is the preferred set-up, as discussed in Clause 4. The electrodes shall be arranged as shown in Figure 2 and shall cover the whole width of the conductive track. BS EN 16812:2016EN 16812:2016 (E) 7 Key I the applied current, in amperes U the measur
38、ed voltage, in volts Imthe current in the voltage measurement circuit (equivalent to zero) RCI1, RCI2the contact resistances in the current circuit, in ohms RCU1, RCU2the contact resistances in the voltage circuit, in ohms R the resistance of the sample in ohms, identical to the measured resistance:
39、 R = U/I Figure 2 Schematic test set-up for a four electrode - four wire measurement 7.3 Test set-up for a “two electrode four wire method” This set-up shall be used for tracks where the application of the “four electrode - four wire method” is not possible. BS EN 16812:2016EN 16812:2016 (E) 8 Key I
40、 the applied current, in amperes U the measured voltage, in volts Imthe current in the voltage measurement circuit (equivalent to zero) RC1the contact resistance at electrode 1, in ohms RC2the contact resistance at electrode 2, in ohms R the resistance of the sample in ohms RMthe measured resistance
41、 in ohms, with RM= RC1+R+RC2= U/I Figure 3 Schematic test set-up for a “two electrode - four wire measurement” 8 Test procedure 8.1 General Testing shall be performed in the same conditions as described in 6.3. It is advised to verify the test set-up and measurement principle by using a well charact
42、erized sample. 8.2 Preparation of conductive track contact points Any insulating cover or coating shall be removed from the conductive track points that will be contacted by the electrodes. The conductive track contact points shall be cleaned to remove materials (e.g. oils, varnish) that can disturb
43、 the electrical contact between the electrodes and track contact points. If mechanical clamping does not yield the necessary measurement stability (as described in 8.5), the contacting needs to be improved. For a yarn this may be done by: using a crimp connector (commercially available crimp connect
44、ors for electronic components are usually suitable). For a track in or on a textile substrate this may be done by: gluing a metal plate/foil to the track using a conductive glue (using as little glue as necessary); or BS EN 16812:2016EN 16812:2016 (E) 9 applying an electrode (in paste form) using a
45、mask with well-defined dimensions (including thickness); or soldering a contact to the track. Important for gluing and soldering is that the method used is compatible with the materials in the substrate and in the conductive track. The properties of the conductive track shall not be affected. NOTE S
46、ilver and gold are suitable materials for this purpose, with gold being preferred as it does not corrode. Copper can also be used, but it should be cleaned before the measurement, e.g. by ultrasonic pre-treatment or mechanical abrasion. The supplier of the conductive track/ yarn could also be able t
47、o provide the necessary information concerning temperature resistance and suitable material for soldering. 8.3 Tensioning 8.3.1 General Tensioning of the specimen, in order to flatten and straighten it, is necessary for determining accurately the distance. 8.3.2 Yarns Yarns may be straightened by ap
48、plying a weight to one extremity of the yarn. A pre-tensioning of 0,5 cN/tex is recommended, but other values can be agreed upon by the interested parties or in function of the tensile properties of the yarn. This can be important for yarns containing high amounts of metal. 8.3.3 Fabrics 8.3.3.1 Gen
49、eral For pre-tensioning of fabrics, it is recommended to use the guidelines given in EN ISO 13934-1. 8.3.3.2 Fabrics without stretch characteristics A pre-tension according to the fabric mass per unit area is recommended, as given in Table 1. Table 1 Recommended fabric pre-tensioning for fabrics without stretch characteristics Fabric mass per unit area (g/m2) Applied tension* (N) 200 2 200 and 500 5 500 10 *per 5 cm of width. 8.3.3.3 Fabrics with stretch characteristics A pre-tensioning with 0,5 N pe
