1、BSI Standards PublicationElectrical insulating materials Determination of the effects of ionizing radiationPart 1: Radiation interaction and dosimetryBS EN 60544-1:2013National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 60544-1:2013. It is identical to IEC 60544-1:2013. It supersed
2、es BS EN 60544-1:1995 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee GEL/112, Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulatingmaterials and systems.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.Th
3、is publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 78240 4ICS 29.035.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer i
4、mmunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2013.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS EN 60544-1:2013EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 60544-1 NORME EUROPENNE EURO
5、PISCHE NORM September 2013 CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels 2013 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in
6、any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members. Ref. No. EN 60544-1:2013 E ICS 17.240; 29.035.01 Supersedes EN 60544-1:1994 English version Electrical insulating materials - Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation - Part 1: Radiation interaction and dosimetry (IEC 60544-
7、1:2013) Matriaux isolants lectriques - Dtermination des effets des rayonnements ionisants - Partie 1: Interaction des rayonnements et dosimtrie (CEI 60544-1:2013) Elektroisolierstoffe - Bestimmung der Wirkung ionisierender Strahlung - Teil 1: Einfluss der Strahlenwirkung und Dosimetrie (IEC 60544-1:
8、2013) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2013-08-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliograp
9、hical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsi
10、bility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
11、 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 60544-1:2013EN 60544-1:201
12、3 - 2 - Foreword The text of document 112/254/FDIS, future edition 3 of IEC 60544-1, prepared by IEC TC 112 “Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulating materials and systems“ was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN 60544-1:2013. The following dates are
13、 fixed: latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2014-05-01 latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the document have to be withdrawn (dow) 2016-08-01 This document supersed
14、es EN 60544-1:1994. EN 60544-1:2013 includes the following significant technical changes with respect to EN 60544-1:1994: a) recent advances in simulation methods of radiation interaction with different matter enables the prediction of the energy-deposition profile in matter and design the irradiati
15、on procedure; b) many new dosimetry systems have become available. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CENELEC and/or CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Endorsement notice
16、The text of the International Standard IEC 60544-1:2013 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. In the official version, for Bibliography, the following note has to be added for the standard indicated: ISO 11137 series NOTE Harmonised in EN ISO 11137 series. BS EN 60
17、544-1:2013- 3 - EN 60544-1:2013 Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated refere
18、nces, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD applies. Publication Year Title EN/
19、HD Year IEC 60544-2 - Electrical insulating materials - Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation on insulating materials - Part 2: Procedures for irradiation and test EN 60544-2 - IEC 60544-4 - Electrical insulating materials - Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation - Part 4: C
20、lassification system for service in radiation environments EN 60544-4 - BS EN 60544-1:2013 2 60544-1 IEC:2013 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 6 1 Scope . 7 2 Normative references . 7 3 Terms and definitions . 7 4 Radiation-induced changes and their evaluation . 9 4.1 General . 9 4.2 Permanent changes 9 4.3
21、Environmental conditions and material geometry . 9 4.4 Post-irradiation effects 9 4.5 Temporary effects . 9 5 Facilities for irradiation of material samples for evaluation of properties . 10 5.1 General . 10 5.2 Gamma-ray irradiators . 10 5.3 Electron-beam irradiators 10 5.4 X-ray (Bremsstrahlung) i
22、rradiators . 11 6 Dosimetry methods . 11 6.1 General . 11 6.2 Absolute dosimetry methods 12 6.2.1 Gamma-rays 12 6.2.2 Electron beams . 12 6.3 Dosimetry systems 12 6.3.1 Reference standard dosimetry systems . 12 6.3.2 Routine dosimetry systems 13 6.3.3 Measurement uncertainty 14 6.3.4 Dosimeter calib
23、ration . 15 6.3.5 Dosimeter selection . 15 7 Characterization of irradiation facilities . 16 8 Dose mapping of samples for test . 16 8.1 Charged particle equilibrium 16 8.2 Depth-dose distribution (limitations) 16 9 Monitoring of the irradiation 17 Annex A (informative) Radiation chemical aspects in
24、 interaction and dosimetry . 18 Bibliography 31 Figure A.1 Absorbed dose as a function of thickness . 19 Figure A.2 Absorber thickness for charged-particle equilibrium as a function of energy for a material with an electron density of 3,3 1023cm-3(water). 20 Figure A.3 Thickness of water (1 g/cm3) a
25、s a function of photon energy for a given attenuation of unidirectional X-ray or -ray radiation . 21 Figure A.4 Typical depth-dose distribution in a homogeneous material obtained with electron accelerators for radiation processing . 25 Figure A.5 Example of calculated results of energy deposition fu
26、nction, I(z), for a slab layer of polyethylene exposed to 1 MeV electron . 25 Figure A.6 Example of calculated results of energy deposition function, I(z), for typical organic insulators exposed to 1 MeV electron 26 BS EN 60544-1:201360544-1 IEC:2013 3 Figure A.7 Two methods of arranging the irradia
27、tion samples in order to take into account the typical depth-dose distributions 27 Figure A.8 Methods of arranging the irradiation samples for measuring electron depth-dose distributions with a stack of slab insulating materials and wedge-shape insulating materials . 28 Figure A.9 Scheme of radiatio
28、n effects of polymers 29 Table 1 Examples of reference standard dosimeters 13 Table 2 Examples of routine dosimeter systems . 14 Table A.1 Electron mass collision stopping powers, S/ (MeV cm2/g) . 23 Table A.2 Photon mass energy absorption coefficients, en/ (cm2/g) 24 BS EN 60544-1:2013 6 60544-1 IE
29、C:2013 INTRODUCTION The establishment of suitable criteria for the evaluation of the radiation resistance of insulating materials is very complex, since such criteria depend upon the conditions under which the materials are used. For instance, if an insulated cable is flexed during a refuelling oper
30、ation in a reactor, the service life will be that time during which the cable receives a radiation dose sufficient to reduce to a specified value one or more of the relevant mechanical properties. Temperature of operation, composition of the surrounding atmosphere and the time interval during which
31、the total dose is received (dose rate or flux) are important factors which also determine the rate and mechanisms of chemical changes. In some applications, temporary changes may be the limiting factor. Given this, it becomes necessary to define the radiation fields in which materials are exposed an
32、d the radiation dose subsequently absorbed by the material. It is also necessary to establish procedures for testing the mechanical and electrical properties of materials which will define the radiation degradation and link those properties with application requirements in order to provide an approp
33、riate classification system. BS EN 60544-1:201360544-1 IEC:2013 7 ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION Part 1: Radiation interaction and dosimetry 1 Scope This part of IEC 60544 deals broadly with the aspects to be considered in evaluating the effects of
34、 ionizing radiation on all types of organic insulating materials. It also provides, for X-rays, -rays, and electrons, a guide to dosimetry terminology, methods for dose measurements, testing carried out at irradiation facilities, evaluation and testing of material characteristics and properties, doc
35、umenting the irradiation process. Dosimetry that might be carried out at locations of use of the material is not described in this standard. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For
36、 dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60544-2, Electrical insulating materials Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation on insulating materials Part 2: Procedures for
37、irradiation and test IEC 60544-4, Electrical insulating materials Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation Part 4: Classification system for service in radiation environments 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions in ICRU Report 33 11. as well
38、as the following definitions apply. 3.1 exposure X measure of an electromagnetic radiation field (X- or -radiation) to which a material is exposed Note 1 to entry: The exposure is the quotient obtained by dividing dQ by dm, where dQ is the absolute value of the total charge of the ions of one sign p
39、roduced in the air when all of the electrons (and positrons) liberated by photons in air of mass dm are completely stopped in air: 1References in square brackets refer to the Bibliography. BS EN 60544-1:2013 8 60544-1 IEC:2013 mQXdd= (1) The SI unit of exposure is the coulomb (C) per kilogram: C/kg.
40、 The old unit is the roentgen R: 1 R = 2,58 10-4C/kg. The exposure thus describes the effect of an electromagnetic field on matter in terms of the ionization that the radiation produces in a standard reference material, air. 3.2 electron charge fluence Q quotient obtained by dividing dQ by dA, where
41、 dQ is the electron charge impinging during the time t on the area dA: AQQdd= (2) 3.3 electron current density j quotient obtained by dividing dQ by dt, where dQ is the electron charge fluence during the time interval dt: tAQtQjddddd2= (3) 3.4 absorbed dose D measure of the energy imparted to the ir
42、radiated material, regardless of the nature of the radiation field Note 1 to entry: The absorbed dose D is the quotient obtained by dividing d by dm where d is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of mass dm: mDdd= (4) The SI unit is the gray (Gy). The old unit is the rad: 1 Gy =
43、 1 J kg-1(= 102rad). Since this definition does not specify the absorbing material, the gray can be used only with reference to a specific material. The absorbed dose is determined in part by the composition of the irradiated material. When exposed to the same radiation field, therefore, different m
44、aterials usually receive different absorbed doses. Note 2 to entry: For purposes of dosimetry, it has been found convenient to specify dose in terms of dose to water. The dose to other materials can be found by applying cavity theory. 3.5 absorbed dose rate Dquotient obtained by dividing dD by dt, w
45、here dD is the increment of absorbed dose in the time interval dt: tDDdd=(5) BS EN 60544-1:201360544-1 IEC:2013 9 The SI unit of absorbed dose rate is the gray per second: 1 Gy s-1= 1 W kg-1(= 102rad s-1= 0,36 Mrad h-1) 4 Radiation-induced changes and their evaluation 4.1 General Although the variou
46、s types of radiation interact with matter in different ways, the primary process is the production of ions and electrically excited states of molecules which, in turn, may lead to the formation of free radicals. The technique to detect ions, excited states and radicals (short-lived intermediate spec
47、ies) are briefly described in Clause A.4. Radiation-generated mobile electrons, which become trapped at sites of low potential energy, are also produced. The first phenomenon leads to permanent chemical, mechanical, and electrical changes of the material; the second results in temporary electrical c
48、hanges in performance 2. 4.2 Permanent changes In polymeric materials, the formation of free radicals during irradiation leads to scission and cross-linking processes that modify the chemical structure of the insulation, generally leading to deterioration of the mechanical properties. This mechanica
49、l deterioration frequently gives rise to significant electrical property changes. However, important electrical property changes sometimes occur before mechanical degradation becomes serious. For example, a change in dissipation factor or in permittivity might become serious for the reliable functioning of a resonant circuit. The extent of scission and cross-linking processes depends on the absorbed dose, the absorbed dose rate,
