1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 61331-1:2002 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 to BS 7817-1:1995 (renumbers the BS as BS EN 61331-1:2002) and incorporating Amendment No. 1 to BS EN 61331-1:2002 Protective devices against diagnostic medical X-radiation Part 1: Method for determination of attenuation properties of
2、 sheet materials BS EN 61331-1:2002 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Health and Environment Sector Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 June 1995 BSI 25 November 2002 The following BSI references relate to t
3、he work on this standard: Committee reference HCC/74 Draft announced in BSI News April 1995 ISBN 0 580 24196 3 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee HCC/74, Radiation protection, upon which the following bodies
4、were represented: Association of X-ray Equipment Manufacturers (BEAMA Ltd.) British Dental Association British Institute of Radiology British Medical Association College of Radiographers Department of Health Flat Glass Manufacturers Association Health and Safety Executive Industrial Safety (Protecti
5、ve Equipment) Manufacturers Association Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine (Ipsm) Ministry of Defence National Radiological Protection Board Royal College of Radiologists Society of X-ray Technology Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments 13968 25 November 2002 Renumbers B
6、S 7817-1:1995 as BS EN 61331-1:2002 and adds Annex ZABS EN 61331-1:2002 BSI 25 November 2002 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover National foreword ii 1S c o p e 3 2 Normative reference 3 3T e r m i n o l o g y 4 4 Procedure 4 5 Measurement of quantities 4 6 Determination of ATT
7、ENUATION properties 7 7 Statement of compliance 8 Annex A (normative) Index of defined terms 10 Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications 11 Figure 1 Geometry of the BROAD BEAM 8 Figure 2 Geometry of the NARROW BEAM 9 Table
8、 1 Measurement of AIR KERMA RATE 4 Table 2 Determination of geometrical quantities 5 Table 3 Standardized RADIATION QUALITIES 6BS EN 61331-1:2002 ii BSI 25 November 2002 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 61331-1:2002. It is identical with IEC Publ
9、ication 61331-1:1994. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee HCC/74, Radiation protection, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Additional information The following pr
10、int types are used in this standard: Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facili
11、ty of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.
12、 aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Terms defined in
13、 BS 6441: SMALL CAPITALS Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the EN title page, pages 2 to 11 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE
14、 EUROPISCHE NORM EN 61331-1 April 2002 ICS 11.040.50 English version Protective devices against diagnostic medical X-radiation Part 1: Determination of attenuation properties of materials (IEC 61331-1:1994) Dispositifs de protection radiologique contre les rayonnements X pour diagnostic mdical Parti
15、e 1: Dtermination des proprits dattnuation des matriaux (CEI 61331-1:1994) Strahlenschutz in der medizinischen Rntgendiagnostik Teil 1: Bestimmung von Schwchungseigenschaften von Materialien (IEC 61331-1:1994) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2001-12-01. CENELEC members are bound to
16、 comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Centra
17、l Secretariat or to any CENELEC member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same stat
18、us as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. CENELEC
19、European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B-1050 Brussels 2002 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide fo
20、r CENELEC members. Ref. No. EN 61331-1:2002 EEN 61331-1:2002 BSI 25 November 2002 2 Foreword The text of the International Standard IEC 61331-1:1994, prepared by IEC TC 62, Electrical equipment in medical practice, was submitted to the CENELEC Unique Acceptance Procedure and was approved by CENELEC
21、as EN 61331-1 on 2001-12-01. The following dates were fixed: Annexes designated “normative” are part of the body of the standard. In this standard, Annex ZA is normative. Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 61331-1:1994 was approved by CE
22、NELEC as a European Standard without modification. latest date by which the EN has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2002-12-01 latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 20
23、04-12-01EN 61331-1:2002 BSI 25 November 2002 3 1 Scope and object 1.1 Scope This part of International Standard IEC 61331 applies to materials in sheet form used for the manufacturing of PROTECTIVE DEVICES against X-RADIATION OF RADIATION QUALITIES generated with X-RAY TUBE VOLTAGES up to 400 kV and
24、 a TOTAL FILTRATION of up to 3,5 mm Cu. This part 1 is not intended to be applied to PROTECTIVE DEVICES when these are to be checked for the presence of their ATTENUATION properties before and after periods of use. 1.2 Object This part 1 specifies the methods of determining and indicating the ATTENU
25、ATION properties of the materials. The ATTENUATION properties are given in terms of: ATTENUATION RATIO; BUILD UP FACTOR; ATTENUATION EQUIVALENT OR LEAD EQUIVALENT; together with, as appropriate, an indication of inhomogeneity. Ways of stating values of ATTENUATION properties in compliance with this
26、part of the International Standard are included. Methods for periodical checks of PROTECTIVE DEVICES, particularly of PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, methods of determining the ATTENUATION by layers in the RADIATION BEAM, and methods of determining the ATTENUATION for purposes of protection against IONIZING RA
27、DIATION provided by walls and other parts of an installation; will be described in separate standards. 2 Normative reference The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, t
28、he edition indicated is valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
29、registers of currently valid International Standards. IEC 60788:1984, Medical radiology Terminology.EN 61331-1:2002 4 BSI 25 November 2002 3 Terminology 3.1 degree of requirements in this part of the International Standard, certain terms (which are not printed in SMALL CAPITALS) have particular mean
30、ings, as follows: 3.2 use of terms in this part 1, terms printed in SMALL CAPITALS are used in accordance with their definitions in IEC 60788 (see Annex A) 4 Procedure 4.1 ATTENUATION properties of sheet materials shall be determined according to clauses 5 and 6. 4.2 The LEAD EQUIVALENT according to
31、 6.4 shall be determined only for protective materials containing a significant amount of lead. 4.3 For sheet material which does not effect a homogeneous ATTENUATION the inhomogeneity shall be determined according to 6.5. 5 Measurement of quantities 5.1 RADIATION QUANTITIES For the determination of
32、 ATTENUATION properties, the following AIR KERMA RATES shall be measured according to the subclauses given in Table 1. Table 1 Measurement of AIR KERMA RATE 5.1.1 is the AIR KERMA RATE in the attenuated BROAD BEAM according to 5.3. 5.1.2 is the AIR KERMA RATE in the unattenuated BROAD BEAM according
33、 to 5.3 (see 5.5.1). 5.1.3 is the AIR KERMA RATE in the attenuated NARROW BEAM according to 5.4. 5.1.4 is the AIR KERMA RATE in the centre of the BROAD BEAM according to Figure 1 measured between the RADIATION SOURCE and the test object and at the same distance from the RADIATION SOURCE as . “shall”
34、 indicates a requirement that is mandatory for compliance; “should” indicates a strong recommendation that is not mandatory for compliance; “may” indicates a permitted manner of complying with a requirement or of avoiding the need to comply; “specified” is used to indicate definitive information sta
35、ted by the MANUFACTURER in ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS or in other documentation relating to the equipment under consideration, usually concerning its intended purposes, or the parameters or conditions associated with its use or with testing to determine compliance. ATTENUATION property Letter symbol AIR
36、 KERMA RATE Subclause ATTENUATION RATIO F 6.1 BUILD UP FACTOR B 6.2 ATTENUATION EQUIVALENT 6.3 LEAD EQUIVALENT Pb 6.4 Inhomogeneity V 6.5 See subclause 5.3.3 5.5.2 5.3.2 5.3.3 K i K o K e K c K oc K s K ls K i K o K e K c K ocEN 61331-1:2002 BSI 25 November 2002 5 5.1.5 is the AIR KERMA RATE outside
37、 the BROAD BEAM according to Figure 1 emerging from the BEAM LIMITING SYSTEM of the RADIATION SOURCE, measured at the same distance from the RADIATION SOURCE as . 5.1.6 is the AIR KERMA RATE inside the projection of the initial BROAD BEAM but outside the RADIATION BEAM limited by the DIAPHRAGM accor
38、ding to Figure 1. 5.1.7 is the AIR KERMA RATE in the attenuated BROAD BEAM, but measured at the same distance from the RADIATION SOURCE as . 5.2 Geometrical quantities The geometrical quantities given in Table 2 shall be determined. Table 2 Determination of geometrical quantities 5.2.1 c is the fact
39、or correcting for differences of the distances of measuring points from the RADIATION SOURCE (see Figure 2). c is determined according to the formula: 5.2.2 a is the distance from the distal side of the test object to the reference point of the RADIATION DETECTOR in the centre of the NARROW BEAM acc
40、ording to Figure 2. The distance a shall not be less than 10 times the square root of the cross-section A. 5.2.3 b is the distance from the distal side of the test object to the reference point of the RADIATION DETECTOR in the centre of the BROAD BEAM according to Figure 1. 5.2.4 A is the cross-sect
41、ion of the NARROW BEAM at the distal side of the test object according to Figure 2. 5.2.5 w is the distance between the reference point of the RADIATION DETECTOR and any adjacent object or wall at the distal side from the RADIATION SOURCE (see Figure 1 and Figure 2). 5.3 Measuring arrangement in the
42、 BROAD BEAM 5.3.1 For the measurement in the BROAD BEAM arrangements according to Figure 1 shall be used. 5.3.2 During the measurements, the AIR KERMA RATE shall not be more than 5 % of the AIR KERMA RATE : 5.3.3 During the measurements, the AIR KERMA RATE shall not be more than 1 % of the AIR KERMA
43、 RATE : ATTENUATION property Letter symbol cabAw Subclause ATTENUATION RATIO F 6.1 BUILD UP FACTOR B 6.2 ATTENUATION EQUIVALENT 6.3 LEAD EQUIVALENT Pb 6.4 Inhomogeneity V 6.5 See subclause 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.4.3 K c K oc K c K s K ls K i K s K oc K c K s K lsEN 61331-1:2002 6 BSI 25 Nov
44、ember 2002 5.4 Measuring arrangement in the NARROW BEAM 5.4.1 For the measurements in the NARROW BEAM arrangements according to Figure 2 shall be used. 5.4.2 The RADIATION BEAM shall have a diameter of 20 mm 1 mm at the distal side of the test object. 5.4.3 For the measurements made to determine the
45、 homogeneity according to 6.5.1, the NARROW BEAM shall be limited to a diameter of not more than 10 mm at the distal side of the test object. 5.5 Position of the RADIATION DETECTOR The distance w shall not be less than 700 mm. 5.5.1 During the measurements with and without a test object of AIR KERMA
46、 RATES and for the determination of the ATTENUATION RATIO, the distance b from the plane of the distal side of the test object to the reference point of the RADIATION DETECTOR shall be 50 mm 1 mm (see Figure 1). 5.5.2 During the measurements of AIR KERMA RATE for the measurement of the BUILD UP FACT
47、OR the distance a from the distal side of the test object to the reference point of the RADIATION DETECTOR shall not be less than 10 times the square root of the cross-section A. 5.6 Test instrumentation 5.6.1 The dependence of the response of the RADIATION DETECTOR of the test instrumentation upon
48、the direction of incidence shall be negligibly small over a hemisphere. 5.6.2 The dependence of the test instrumentation upon RADIATION ENERGIES between 40 kV and the highest RADIATION ENERGY to be measured shall not exceed 20 %. 5.6.3 Neither the diameter nor the length of the SENSITIVE VOLUME of t
49、he RADIATION DETECTOR shall exceed 50 mm. The ENTRANCE SURFACE of the SENSITIVE VOLUME of the RADIATION DETECTOR used for measurements to determine the homogeneity according to 6.5.1 shall be such that it will be fully covered by the RADIATION BEAM adjusted according to 5.4.3. 5.7 Test object 5.7.1 For measurements in the BROAD BEAM the test
