1、BSI Standards PublicationWind turbinesPart 23: Full-scale structural testing of rotor bladesBS EN 61400-23:2014National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 61400-23:2014. It isidentical to IEC 61400-23:2014. It supersedes DD IEC/TS 61400-23:2002which is withdrawn.The UK part
2、icipation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PEL/88, Wind turbines.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for it
3、s correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 77431 7ICS 27.180Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Stra
4、tegy Committee on 31 January 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS EN 61400-23:2014EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 61400-23 May 2014 ICS 27.180 English Version Wind turbines - Part 23: Full-scale structural testing of rotor blade
5、s (IEC 61400-23:2014) oliennes - Partie 23: Essais en vraie grandeur des structures des pales de rotor (CEI 61400-23:2014) Windenergieanlagen - Teil 23: Rotorbltter - Experimentelle Strukturprfung (IEC 61400-23:2014) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2014-05-13. CENELEC members are b
6、ound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the
7、 CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Manageme
8、nt Centre has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Irelan
9、d, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komit
10、ee fr Elektrotechnische Normung CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members. Ref. No. EN 61400-23:2014 E BS EN 61400-23:2014EN 61400-23:2014 - 2 - Foreword The text of doc
11、ument 88/420/CDV, future edition 1 of IEC 61400-23, prepared by IEC TC 88 “Wind turbines“ was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN 61400-23:2014. The following dates are fixed: latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national level by publicatio
12、n of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2015-02-13 latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the document have to be withdrawn (dow) 2017-05-13 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights.
13、 CENELEC and/or CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 61400-23:2014 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. In the official version, for Bibliography, the followi
14、ng notes have to be added for the standards indicated: IEC 61400-22 NOTE Harmonised as EN 61400-22 (not modified). BS EN 61400-23:2014- 3 - EN 61400-23:2014 Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications The following documents,
15、 in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE 1 When an International Pu
16、blication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD applies. NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here: www.cenelec.eu Publication Year Title EN/HD Year IEC 60050-415 1999 Internationa
17、l Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 415: Wind turbine generator systems - - IEC 61400-1 2005 Wind turbines - Part 1: Design requirements EN 61400-1 2005 ISO/IEC 17025 2005 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories EN ISO/IEC 17025 2005 ISO 2394 1986 General pri
18、nciples on reliability for structures - - BS EN 61400-23:2014 2 IEC 61400-23:2014 IEC 2014 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 7 1 Scope 8 2 Normative references 8 3 Terms and definitions 9 4 Notation . 12 4.1 Symbols 12 4.2 Greek symbols 12 4.3 Subscripts . 12 4.4 Coordinate systems 12 5 General principles . 1
19、3 5.1 Purpose of tests 13 5.2 Limit states . 14 5.3 Practical constraints . 14 5.4 Results of test . 14 6 Documentation and procedures for test blade 15 7 Blade test program and test plans . 16 7.1 Areas to be tested . 16 7.2 Test program 16 7.3 Test plans . 16 7.3.1 General . 16 7.3.2 Blade descrip
20、tion . 16 7.3.3 Loads and conditions . 17 7.3.4 Instrumentation 17 7.3.5 Expected test results . 17 8 Load factors for testing 17 8.1 General . 17 8.2 Partial safety factors used in the design 17 8.2.1 General . 17 8.2.2 Partial factors on materials 17 8.2.3 Partial factors for consequences of failu
21、re . 18 8.2.4 Partial factors on loads 18 8.3 Test load factors . 18 8.3.1 Blade to blade variation . 18 8.3.2 Possible errors in the fatigue formulation . 18 8.3.3 Environmental conditions . 19 8.4 Application of load factors to obtain the target load . 19 9 Test loading and test load evaluation .
22、20 9.1 General . 20 9.2 Influence of load introduction 20 9.3 Static load testing . 20 9.4 Fatigue load testing 21 10 Test requirements 22 10.1 General . 22 10.1.1 Test records 22 10.1.2 Instrumentation calibration. 22 BS EN 61400-23:2014IEC 61400-23:2014 IEC 2014 3 10.1.3 Measurement uncertainties
23、22 10.1.4 Root fixture and test stand requirements . 22 10.1.5 Environmental conditions monitoring . 22 10.1.6 Deterministic corrections . 23 10.2 Static test . 23 10.2.1 General . 23 10.2.2 Static load test. 23 10.2.3 Strain measurement 24 10.2.4 Deflection measurement 24 10.3 Fatigue test . 24 10.
24、4 Other blade property tests 24 10.4.1 Blade mass and center of gravity . 24 10.4.2 Natural frequencies . 25 10.4.3 Optional blade property tests . 25 11 Test results evaluation. 25 11.1 General . 25 11.2 Catastrophic failure . 25 11.3 Permanent deformation, loss of stiffness or change in other blad
25、e properties . 26 11.4 Superficial damage . 26 11.5 Failure evaluation . 26 12 Reporting 26 12.1 General . 26 12.2 Test report content 27 12.3 Evaluation of test in relation to design requirements . 27 Annex A (informative) Guidelines for the necessity of renewed static and fatigue testing 28 Annex
26、B (informative) Areas to be tested . 29 Annex C (informative) Effects of large deflections and load direction . 30 Annex D (informative) Formulation of test load 31 D.1 Static target load. 31 D.2 Fatigue target load 31 D.3 Sequential single-axial, single location 34 D.4 Multi axial single location 3
27、4 Annex E (informative) Differences between design and test load conditions . 36 E.1 General . 36 E.2 Load introduction 36 E.3 Bending moments and shear . 36 E.4 Flapwise and lead-lag combinations 36 E.5 Radial loads 37 E.6 Torsion loads 37 E.7 Environmental conditions 37 E.8 Fatigue load spectrum a
28、nd sequence 37 Annex F (informative) Determination of number of load cycles for fatigue tests 38 F.1 General . 38 F.2 Background 38 F.3 The approach used . 38 Bibliography 43 BS EN 61400-23:2014 4 IEC 61400-23:2014 IEC 2014 Figure 1 Chordwise (flatwise, edgewise) coordinate system . 13 Figure 2 Roto
29、r (flapwise, lead-lag) coordinate system 13 Figure C.1 Applied loads effects due to blade deformation and angulation 30 Figure D.1 Polar plot of the load envelope from a typical blade 31 Figure D.2 Design FSF . 33 Figure D.3 Area where design FSF is smaller than 1,4 (critical area) 33 Figure D.4 rFS
30、F and critical areas, sequential single-axial test . 34 Figure D.5 rFSF and critical area, multi axial test . 35 Figure E.1 Difference of moment distribution for target and actual test load . 36 Figure F.1 Simplified Goodman diagram 39 Figure F.2 Test load factor effor different number of load cycle
31、s in the test . 42 Table 1 Recommended values for effor different number of load cycles . 18 Table A.1 Examples of situations typically requiring or not requiring renewed testing 28 Table F.1 Recommended values for effor different number of load cycles 38 Table F.2 Expanded recommended values for ef
32、for different number of load cycles . 41 BS EN 61400-23:2014IEC 61400-23:2014 IEC 2014 7 INTRODUCTION The blades of a wind turbine rotor are generally regarded as one of the most critical components of the wind turbine system. In this standard, the demands for full-scale structural testing related t
33、o certification are defined as well as the interpretation and evaluation of test results. Specific testing methods or set-ups for testing are not demanded or included as full-scale blade testing methods historically have developed independently in different countries and laboratories. Furthermore, d
34、emands for tests determining blade properties are included in this standard in order to validate some vital design assumptions used as inputs for the design load calculations. Any of the requirements of this standard may be altered if it can be suitably demonstrated that the safety of the system is
35、not compromised. The standard is based on IEC TS 61400-23 published in 2001. Compared to the TS, this standard only describes load based testing and is condensed to describe the general principles and demands. BS EN 61400-23:2014 8 IEC 61400-23:2014 IEC 2014 WIND TURBINES Part 23: Full-scale structu
36、ral testing of rotor blades 1 Scope This part of IEC 61400 defines the requirements for full-scale structural testing of wind turbine blades and for the interpretation and evaluation of achieved test results. The standard focuses on aspects of testing related to an evaluation of the integrity of the
37、 blade, for use by manufacturers and third party investigators. The following tests are considered in this standard: static load tests; fatigue tests; static load tests after fatigue tests; tests determining other blade properties. The purpose of the tests is to confirm to an acceptable level of pro
38、bability that the whole population of a blade type fulfils the design assumptions. It is assumed that the data required to define the parameters of the tests are available and based on the standard for design requirements for wind turbines such as IEC 61400-1 or equivalent. Design loads and blade ma
39、terial data are considered starting points for establishing and evaluating the test loads. The evaluation of the design loads with respect to the actual loads on the wind turbines is outside the scope of this standard. At the time this standard was written, full-scale tests were carried out on blade
40、s of horizontal axis wind turbines. The blades were mostly made of fibre reinforced plastics and wood/epoxy. However, most principles would be applicable to any wind turbine configuration, size and material. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referen
41、ced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60050-415:1999, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary Part 415: Wind
42、 turbine generator systems IEC 61400-1:2005, Wind turbines Part 1: Design requirements ISO/IEC 17025:2005, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories ISO 2394:1998, General principles on reliability for structures BS EN 61400-23:2014IEC 61400-23:2014 IEC 2014 9 3
43、 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions related to wind turbines or wind energy given in IEC 60050-415 and the following apply. 3.1 actuator device that can be controlled to apply a constant or varying force and displacement 3.2 blade root that part of the
44、 rotor blade that is connected to the hub of the rotor 3.3 blade subsystem integrated set of items that accomplishes a defined objective or function within the blade (e.g., lightning protection subsystem, aerodynamic braking subsystem, monitoring subsystem, aerodynamic control subsystem, etc.) 3.4 b
45、uckling instability characterized by a non-linear increase in out of plane deflection with a change in local compressive load 3.5 chord length of a reference straight line that joins the leading and trailing edges of a blade aerofoil cross-section at a given spanwise location 3.6 constant amplitude
46、loading during a fatigue test, the application of load cycles with a constant amplitude and mean value 3.7 creep time-dependant increase in strain under a sustained load 3.8 design loads loads the blade is designed to withstand, including appropriate partial safety factors 3.9 edgewise direction tha
47、t is parallel to the local chord SEE: 4.4. 3.10 elastic axis the line, lengthwise of the blade, along which transverse loads are applied in order to produce bending only, with no torsion at any section Note 1 to entry: Strictly speaking, no such line exists except for a few conditions of loading. Us
48、ually the elastic axis is assumed to be the line that passes through the elastic center of every section. This definition is not applicable for blades with bend-twist coupling. 3.11 fatigue formulation methodology by which the fatigue life is estimated BS EN 61400-23:2014 10 IEC 61400-23:2014 IEC 20
49、14 3.12 fatigue test test in which a cyclic load of constant or varying amplitude is applied to the test specimen 3.13 fixture component or device to introduce loads or to support the test specimen 3.14 flapwise direction that is perpendicular to the surface swept by the undeformed rotor blade axis SEE: 4.4. 3.15 flatwise direction that is perpendicular to the local chord, and spanwise blade axis SEE: 4.4. 3.16 full-scale test test carried out on the actual blade or part thereof 3.1
