1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO 4545-1:2005 Metallic materials Knoop hardness test Part 1: Test method The European Standard EN ISO 4545-1:2005 has the status of a British Standard ICS 77.040.10 BS EN ISO 4545-1:2005 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Stra
2、tegy Committee on 30 January 2006 BSI 30 January 2006 ISBN 0 580 47638 3 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN ISO 4545-1:2005. It is identical with ISO 4545-1:2005. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee ISE/NFE/
3、4, Mechanical testing of metals, to Subcommittee ISE/NFE/4/5, Indentation/hardness testing, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK int
4、erests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications
5、referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary p
6、rovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN ISO title page, the EN ISO foreword page, th
7、e ISO title page, pages ii to v, a blank page, pages 1 to 14, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEANSTANDARD NORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHENO
8、RM ENISO45451 November2005 ICS77.040.10 EnglishVersion MetallicmaterialsKnoophardnesstestPart1:Testmethod (ISO45451:2005) MatriauxmtalliquesEssaideduretKnoopPartie1: Mthodedessai(ISO45451:2005) MetallischeWerkstoffeHrteprfungnachKnoopTeil1: Prfverfahren(ISO45451:2005) ThisEuropeanStandardwasapproved
9、byCENon28October2005. CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEurope an Standardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Uptodatelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcernings uchnational standardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCen
10、tralSecretariatortoanyCENmember. ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytra nslation undertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCentralSecretariathasthesamestatusast heofficial versions. CENmembersarethenation
11、alstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France, Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION
12、COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2005CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.ENISO45451:2005:E Foreword This document (EN ISO 4545-1:2005) has been prepared by Technical Com
13、mittee ISO/TC 164 “Mechanical testing of metals“ in collaboration with Technical Committee ECISS/TC 1 “Steel - Mechanical testing“, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by end
14、orsement, at the latest by May 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2006. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cy
15、prus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 4545-1:2005 h
16、as been approved by CEN as EN ISO 4545-1:2005 without any modifications. EN ISO 4545-1:2005 Reference number ISO 4545-1:2005(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4545-1 First edition 2005-11-15 Metallic materials Knoop hardness test Part 1: Test method Matriaux mtalliques Essai de duret Knoop Partie 1: Mtho
17、de dessai EN ISO 4545-1:2005ii EN ISO 4545-1:2005 iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Principle. 1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2 5 Apparatus 3 6 Test piece 4 7 Procedure 4 8 Uncertainty of the results 5 9 Test report . 6 Annex A (informative) P
18、rocedure for periodic checking of the testing machine by the user 7 Annex B (informative) Uncertainty of the measured hardness values . 8 Bibliography . 14 EN ISO 4545-1:2005 iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (
19、ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, go
20、vernmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IE
21、C Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the memb
22、er bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 4545-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 164, Mechanical testi
23、ng of metals, Subcommittee SC 3, Hardness testing. ISO 4545-1 cancels and replaces ISO 4545:1993, which has been technically revised. ISO 4545 consists of the following parts, under the general title Metallic materials Knoop hardness test: Part 1: Test method Part 2: Verification and calibration of
24、testing machines Part 3: Calibration of reference blocks Part 4: Table of hardness values v Introduction The periodic checking of the testing machine described in informative Annex A is good metrological practice. It is intended to make this annex normative in the next revision of this part of ISO 4
25、545. EN ISO 4545-1:2005blank1 Metallic materials Knoop hardness test Part 1: Test method 1 Scope This part of ISO 4545 specifies the Knoop hardness test method for metallic materials, for test forces from 0,098 07 N to 19,614 N. The method is recommended only for indentations with diagonals W 0,020
26、mm. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 4545-2:2005, Metal
27、lic materials Knoop hardness test Part 2: Verification and calibration of testing machines ISO 4545-3:2005, Metallic materials Knoop hardness test Part 3: Calibration of reference blocks ISO 4545-4, Metallic materials Knoop hardness test Part 4: Table of hardness values 3 Principle A diamond indente
28、r, in the form of a rhombic-based pyramid with angles and between opposite faces respectively equal to 172,5 and 130 at the vertex, is forced into the surface of a test piece followed by measurement of the long diagonal, d, of the indentation remaining in the surface after removal of the test force,
29、 F (see Figures 1 and 2). EN ISO 4545-1:20052 Figure 1 Principle of the test and indenter geometry Figure 2 Knoop indentation The Knoop hardness is proportional to the quotient obtained by dividing the test force by the projected area of the indentation, which is assumed to be a rhombic-based pyrami
30、d, and having at the vertex the same angles as the indenter. 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 4.1 See Table 1 and Figures 1 and 2. 4.2 The following is an example of the designation of Knoop hardness. EN ISO 4545-1:20053 EXAMPLE Table 1 Symbols and abbreviated terms Symbol/ abbreviated term Designati
31、on F Test force, in newtons d Length of the long diagonal, in millimetres c Indenter constant, relating projected area of the indentation to the square of the length of the long diagonal Indenter constant, tan 2 , 2tan 2 c = ideally c = 0,070 28 where and are the angles between the opposite edges at
32、 the vertex of the diamond pyramid (see Figure 1) HK Knoop hardness = Constant Test force Projected area of indentation = 22 0,102 1,451 F F cd d = NOTE Constant = 1 0,102 , 9,806 65 = where 9,806 65 is the conversion factor from kgf to N. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Testing machine, capable of applying a prede
33、termined force or forces from 0,098 07 N to 19,614 N, in accordance with ISO 4545-2. 5.2 Indenter, a diamond in the shape of a rhombic-based pyramid, as specified in ISO 4545-2. 5.3 Measuring system, as specified in ISO 4545-2. The optical portion of the measuring system should have Kohler illuminat
34、ion. See Annex A of ISO 4545-3:2005. Magnifications should be provided so that the diagonal can be enlarged to greater than 25 % but less than 75 % of the field of view. The measuring system should report the diagonal lengths in 0,1 m increments. NOTE A suggested procedure for checking the testing m
35、achine by the user is given in Annex A. EN ISO 4545-1:20054 6 Test piece 6.1 The test shall be carried out on a polished surface, which is smooth and even, free from oxide scale and foreign matter and, in particular, completely free from lubricants, unless otherwise specified in product standards Th
36、e finish of the surface shall permit accurate determination of the diagonal length of the indentation. 6.2 Preparation shall be carried out in such a way that any alteration of the surface hardness, due to excessive heating or cold work, for example, is minimized. 6.3 Due to the small depth of Knoop
37、 hardness indentations, it is essential that special precautions be taken during preparation. It is recommended to use a polishing/electropolishing technique that is adapted to the material to be measured. 6.4 No deformation shall be visible at the back of the test piece after the test. 6.5 For test
38、 pieces of small cross-section or of irregular shape, it may be necessary to provide some form of additional support, for example, mounting in plastic material. The test piece shall be adequately supported by the mounting medium so that the test piece does not move during the force application. 7 Pr
39、ocedure 7.1 The test is normally carried out at a temperature of (23 5) C. If the test is carried out at a temperature outside this range, it shall be noted in the test report. 7.2 The test forces given in Table 2 are recommended. 7.3 The test piece shall be placed on a rigid support. The support su
40、rfaces shall be clean and free from foreign matter (scales, oil, dirt, etc.). It is important that the test piece lies firmly on the support so that displacement cannot occur during the test. 7.4 Focus the measuring microscope so that the specimen surface can be observed. 7.5 Bring the indenter into
41、 contact with the test surface and apply the test force in a direction perpendicular to the surface, without shock or vibration, until the applied force attains the specified value. The approach velocity of the indenter shall be within the range of 15 m/s to 70 m/s. The time from the initial applica
42、tion of the force until the full test force is reached shall not exceed 10 s. 7.6 The duration of the test force shall be from 10 s to 15 s unless otherwise specified. For certain materials, a longer time for maintaining the force may be necessary to obtain consistent results; this time shall be app
43、lied with a tolerance of 2 s. 7.7 Throughout the test, the apparatus shall be protected from shock or vibration. 7.8 The minimum distance between the limit of any indentation and the edge of the test piece shall be at least 3 times the short diagonal of the indentation. EN ISO 4545-1:20055 Table 2 T
44、est forces Test force value, F Hardness symbol N approximate kgfaequivalent HK 0,01 0,098 07 0,010 HK 0,02 0,196 1 0,020 HK 0,025 0,245 2 0,025 HK 0,05 0,490 3 0,050 HK 0,1 0,980 7 0,100 HK 0,2 1,961 0,200 HK 0,3 2,942 0,300 HK 0,5 4,903 0,500 HK 1 9,807 1,000 HK 2 19,614 2,000 aNot an SI unit. 7.9
45、The minimum distance between the limits of two adjacent indentations, oriented side-by-side, shall be at least 2,5 times the length of the short diagonal. For indentations oriented end-to-end, the minimum distance between the limits of two adjacent indents shall be at least one time the length of th
46、e long diagonal. If two indentations differ in size, the minimum spacing shall be based on the short diagonal of the larger indentation. 7.10 The length of the long diagonal shall be measured and used for the calculation of the Knoop hardness. For all tests, the perimeter of the indentation shall be
47、 clearly defined in the field of view of the microscope. NOTE In general, decreasing the test force increases the scatter of the results of the measurements. This is particularly true for low force Knoop hardness tests where the principal limitation will arise in the measurement of the long diagonal
48、 of the indentation. For Knoop hardness, the accuracy of the determination of the long diagonal length is unlikely to be better than 0,001 mm. Magnifications should be provided so that the diagonal can be enlarged to greater than 25 %, but less than 75 % of the field of view. 7.11 The Knoop hardness value shall be calculated by the formula given in Table 1, or by using the tables given in ISO 4545-4. 7.12 If one half of the long diagonal differs by more than 10 % from t
