1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 536:2012Paper and board Determination of grammage(ISO 536:2012)BS EN ISO 536:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN
2、ISO 536:2012. Itsupersedes BS EN ISO 536:1997 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PAI/11, Methods of test for paper, board and pulps.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This public
3、ation does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 76591 9ICS 85.060Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity froml
4、egal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 536 July 2012 ICS 85.060 Supersedes EN ISO 536:1996Engl
5、ish Version Paper and board - Determination of grammage (ISO 536:2012) Papier et carton - Dtermination du grammage (ISO 536:2012) Papier und Pappe - Bestimmung der flchenbezogenen Masse (ISO 536:2012) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 July 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with th
6、e CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Managemen
7、t Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status
8、as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, N
9、etherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of e
10、xploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 536:2012: EBS EN ISO 536:2012EN ISO 536:2012 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN ISO 536:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6 “Paper, board and pulps“ in collaboration with Technical
11、 Committee CEN/TC 172 “Pulp, paper and board” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be wit
12、hdrawn at the latest by January 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN ISO 536:1996. Accord
13、ing to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany,
14、Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 536:2012 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 536:2012 wit
15、hout any modification. BS EN ISO 536:2012ISO 536:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword iv1 Scope 12 Normative references . 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle . 15 Apparatus 16 Sampling 27 Conditioning . 28 Procedure 29 Calculation and expression of results . 210 Test rep
16、ort . 3Annex A (normative) Determination of grammage on an “oven-dry” and “as-taken” basis . 4Annex B (informative) Precision . 5Bibliography . 6BS EN ISO 536:2012ISO 536:2012(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (I
17、SO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, gov
18、ernmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC
19、Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member
20、bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 536 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Su
21、bcommittee SC 2, Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 536:1995), of which it constitutes a minor revision. Mainly editorial changes have been made and precision data have been added as an informative Annex B.iv IS
22、O 2012 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 536:2012INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 536:2012(E)Paper and board Determination of grammage1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies a method for determining the grammage of paper and board.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable
23、for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 186, Paper and board Sampling to determine average qualityISO 187, Paper, board and pulps Standard
24、atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samplesISO 287, Paper and board Determination of moisture content of a lot Oven-drying method3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1
25、grammagemass per unit areamass of a unit area of paper or board determined by a specific method of testNOTE Grammage is expressed in grams per square metre.4 PrincipleThe area of the test pieces and their masses are determined and the grammage is calculated.5 Apparatus5.1 Cutting device, capable of
26、repeatedly cleanly cutting test pieces of the same nominal size, whose area falls within 1,0 % of a known area. This shall be checked frequently by measurement and, provided that the above accuracy is attained, the mean area obtained in these checks shall be used for calculating grammage.With certai
27、n types of paper and board it will be found, after carrying out this determination of area, that test pieces cannot be cut with the accuracy just defined; in such instances, the area of every test piece shall be determined individually.5.2 Balance, sufficiently accurate, over the range of mass for w
28、hich it is used, to measure to within 0,5 % of the actual mass. It shall be sensitive enough to detect a change of 0,2 % in the mass to be weighed and, if the balance is of the direct-reading type, it shall be graduated so that readings may be taken to this degree of accuracy.Special sheet-weighing
29、balances, designed to weigh test pieces of a given size and which indicate grammage directly, may be used, provided that the above conditions are fulfilled and that the area of each test piece on a single weighing is not less than 50 000 mm2(500 cm2) and not more than 100 000 mm2(1 000 cm2) (see Cla
30、use 8 and 9.2). ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 536:2012ISO 536:2012(E)When in use, the balance shall be shielded from air currents.6 SamplingThe selection of units and sheets and the taking of specimens shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 186. The number of specimens taken (at least
31、 five) shall be sufficient for at least 20 test pieces. If tests are made on another type of sample, make sure that the specimens taken are representative of the sample received.7 ConditioningFor the determination of conditioned grammage, the specimens shall be conditioned in accordance with ISO 187
32、.If a determination is made in the “oven-dry” or “as-taken” condition (see Annex A), or if any other conditioning atmosphere is used, the reported results shall be qualified by a statement indicating the condition of the test pieces at the time of weighing.8 ProcedureFor the determination of conditi
33、oned grammage, prepare and weigh the test pieces in the same atmospheric conditions as used to condition the specimens.Using the cutting device (5.1), cut at least 20 test pieces from at least five specimens, if possible taking the same number from each specimen.Whenever possible, each test piece sh
34、all have an area of not less than 50 000 mm2(preferably 200 mm 250 mm) and not more than 100 000 mm2; it may, if necessary, be composed of several smaller pieces.NOTE In cases where there is only a limited sample area available and it is not possible to make up a test piece comprising several smalle
35、r pieces, a test area of not less than 10 000 mm2(100 cm2) may be used.Determine the area of each test piece by calculation, from measurements taken to the nearest 0,5 mm.Weigh each test piece on the balance (5.2) and express its mass to three significant figures.It is recommended, especially when d
36、ealing with small pieces, that contact of the test piece with bare hands be avoided.9 Calculation and expression of results9.1 If the procedure in Clause 8 is followed, calculate the grammage, g, in grams per square metre, to three significant figures, for each test piece, using Equation (1):gmA=106
37、(1)wherem is the mass, in grams, of the test piece;A is the area, in square millimetres, of the test piece.2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 536:2012ISO 536:2012(E)Alternatively, the grammage may be calculated using Equation (2):gmA=106(2)wherem is the average mass, in grams, of the test piece
38、s;A is the average area, in square millimetres, of the test pieces.9.2 If a special sheet-weighing balance such as described in 5.2 is used, calculate the grammage, g, in grams per square metre, to three significant figures, using Equation (3):gAAg=11(3)whereg1is the indicated grammage, in grams per
39、 square metre, of the test piece;A1is the area, in square millimetres, of the test piece for which the balance is calibrated;A is the area, in square millimetres, of the weighed test piece.9.3 Calculate the mean of the results and the standard deviation and express them to three significant figures.
40、10 Test reportThe test report shall include the following information:a) a reference to this International Standard (ISO 536:2012);b) the date and place of testing;c) all the information necessary for identification of the sample;d) the conditioning atmosphere used;e) the area of the test piece used
41、;f) the number of replicate tests;g) the mean and standard deviation of the results;h) if specimens have been taken from more than one position across a reel or sheet and information on grammage variation is required, the details listed in c), d), e) and f) shall be reported for each position separa
42、tely;i) any departure from the procedure specified in this International Standard and any circumstances that may have influenced the results. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3BS EN ISO 536:2012ISO 536:2012(E)Annex A (normative) Determination of grammage on an “oven-dry” and “as-taken” basisA.1 Determin
43、ation of grammage on an “oven-dry” basisDetermine the area of each test piece after conditioning in accordance with Clause 7. Dry the test pieces in accordance with ISO 287 and determine their mass. Calculate the grammage according to 9.1.A.2 Determination of grammage “as-taken”This is based on the
44、material in the condition pertaining at the time of sampling. Select specimens and cut and weigh test pieces from them as quickly as the need for accuracy will allow. When taking specimens from a roll, cut them out from a depth such that their moisture content has remained unaffected by the ambient
45、atmosphere.4 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 536:2012ISO 536:2012(E)Annex B (informative) PrecisionThe precision data presented in Tables B.1 and B.2 has been obtained from CEPI-CTS, the Comparative Testing Service of the Confederation of European Paper Industries. Estimates of repeatability a
46、nd reproducibility from the CEPI-CTS programme are based on round-robin work in 2011 in which 17 laboratories from 11 European countries tested three different sample materials.The calculations have been made according to ISO/TR 244981and TAPPI T 12002.The repeatability standard deviation reported i
47、n Table B.1 is the “pooled” repeatability standard deviation; that is, the standard deviation is calculated as the root-mean-square of the standard deviations of the participating laboratories. This differs from the conventional definition of repeatability in ISO 5725-13.The repeatability and reprod
48、ucibility limits reported are estimates of the maximum difference which should be expected in 19 out of 20 instances, when comparing two test results for material similar to those described under similar test conditions. These estimates may not be valid for different materials or different test cond
49、itions.Repeatability and reproducibility limits are calculated by multiplying the repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations by 2,77.NOTE 1 The repeatability standard deviation and the within-laboratory standard deviation are identical. However, the reproducibility standard deviation is NOT the same as the between-laboratory standard deviation. The reproducibility standard deviation includes both the between-laboratory standard deviation and the within-laboratory standard deviation, viz.:ssrepeatabilitywithin lab22= but
