1、BS EN ISO945-1:2008ICS 77.080.10; 77.140.80NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDMicrostructure of castironsPart 1: Graphite classification byvisual analysis IncorporatingcorrigendumMarch 2010National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementat
2、ion of EN ISO 945-1:2008. It is identical to ISO 945-1:2008, incorporating corrigendum March 2010. It supersedes BS EN ISO 945:1994 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ISE/35, Cast iron.A list of organizations represented on this committee
3、can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.BS EN ISO 945-1:2008This British Sta
4、ndard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2008 BSI 2010Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Comments 30 April 2010 Implementation of ISO corrigendum March 2010; Table C.1 replacedISBN 978 0 580 70831 2EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EU
5、ROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN ISO 945-1November 2008ICS 77.080.10 Supersedes EN ISO 945:1994 English VersionMicrostructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification byvisual analysis (ISO 945-1:2008)Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification dugraphite par analyse visuelle (ISO 945-1:2008
6、)Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1: Graphitklassifizierungdurch visuelle Auswertung (ISO 945-1:2008)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 November 2008.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStanda
7、rd the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, G
8、erman). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech R
9、epublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE
10、NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN ISO 945-1:2008: E3 Foreword This document (EN ISO 945-1:2008) has been prepared by
11、 Technical Committee ISO/TC 25 “Cast iron and pig iron“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 “Foundry technology“, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endors
12、ement, at the latest by May 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2009. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying an
13、y or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN ISO 945:1994. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estoni
14、a, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 945-1:2008 has been approved by CEN a
15、s EN ISO 945-1:2008 without any modification. BS EN ISO 945-1:2008EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E)iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 General. 1 2.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons. 1 2.2 Visual classification of graphite 9 3 Sampling and preparation of samples 1
16、0 3.1 Samples taken from a casting . 10 3.2 Sample preparation 10 4 Procedure for graphite classification . 10 4.1 Procedure for visual classification of graphite . 10 4.2 Evaluation of the analysis results. 10 5 Reference images . 11 5.1 General. 11 5.2 Reference images for graphite form. 11 5.3 Re
17、ference images for the distribution of graphite (form I). 11 5.4 Reference images for graphite size 11 6 Designation of graphite by form, distribution and size 11 6.1 Designation system 11 6.2 Designation of intermediate graphite sizes . 12 6.3 Designation of mixed graphite forms, distributions and
18、sizes 12 6.4 Nodule count . 13 7 Report 13 Annex A (informative) Typical graphite forms in cast-iron materials (Examples of photomicrographs) 15 Annex B (informative) Distribution of flake (lamellar) graphite (form I) (Examples of photomicrographs) 16 Annex C (informative) Common terminology and mai
19、n occurrences concerning graphite in cast irons . 17 Bibliography . 19 BS EN ISO 945-1:2008EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E) lSO 2010 iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Internation
20、al Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO,
21、 also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical comm
22、ittees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the p
23、ossibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 945-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25, Cast irons and pig irons. Together with ISO 945-2, this first edition o
24、f ISO 945-1 cancels and replaces ISO 945:1975, which has been technically revised to take into account the expanding range of cast-iron alloys available. In addition, photomicrographs have been included together with schematic images to aid classification. ISO 945 consists of the following parts, un
25、der the general title Microstructure of cast irons: Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis Graphite classification by image analysis will be the subject of a future Part 2. BS EN ISO 945-1:2008EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E) lSO 2010 vIntroduction Microstructure designation is a useful feature tha
26、t provides a means of classifying the graphite form, distribution and size in cast irons. Graphite classification by visual analysis is a well-established method which is well recognized within the foundry industry as a means of quickly determining the overall graphite microstructure of a cast-iron
27、casting. BS EN ISO 945-1:2008EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E) lSO 2010 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 1Microstructure of cast irons Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis 1 Scope This part of ISO 945 specifies a method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by comparative visual analys
28、is. The purpose of this part of ISO 945 is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It is not intended to give information on the suitability of cast-iron types and grades for any particular application. The particular material grade is specified by results from tensile te
29、sts or hardness testing and, in the case of austenitic cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation of graphite form and size does not allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the requirements specified in the relevant material standard. The structure of the metall
30、ic matrix (e.g. ferrite, pearlite) has a significant effect on the material properties. Such an interpretation is not the purpose of this part of ISO 945. 2 General 2.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons When cast-iron materials are examined under a microscope in accordance wi
31、th this part of ISO 945, the graphite shall be classified by a) its form, designated by Roman numerals I to VI (see Figure 1 and Annex A); b) its distribution, designated by capital letters A to E (see Figure 2 and Annex B); the graphite distribution designation is only specified for grey cast iron
32、(form I); c) its size, designated by Arabic numerals 1 to 8 (see Figures 3, 4 and 5 and Table 1). NOTE Figures 1 to 5 show only the outlines and not the structure of the graphite. BS EN ISO 945-1:2008EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E) lSO 2010 2 FORM Magnification 100 Figure 1 Principal graphite forms in cast-ir
33、on materials Reference images BS EN ISO 945-1:2008EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E) lSO 2010 3DISTRIBUTION Magnification 100 Figure 2 Reference images for graphite distribution (form I) BS EN ISO 945-1:2008EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E) lSO 2010 4 SIZE Magnification 100 a) Sizes 1 to 4 Figure 3 Reference images for grap
34、hite size (form I) BS EN ISO 945-1:2008EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E) lSO 2010 5SIZE Magnification 100 b) Sizes 5 to 8 Figure 3 Reference images for graphite size (form I) BS EN ISO 945-1:2008EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E) lSO 2010 6 SIZE Magnification 100 a) Sizes 3 to 6 Figure 4 Reference images for graphite size (
35、forms IV to VI) BS EN ISO 945-1:2008EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E) lSO 2010 7SIZE Magnification 100 b) Sizes 7 and 8 Figure 4 Reference images for graphite size (forms IV to VI) BS EN ISO 945-1:2008EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E) lSO 2010 8 SIZE Magnification 100 a) Sizes 3 to 6 Figure 5 Reference images for graphite
36、size (form III) BS EN ISO 945-1:2008EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E) lSO 2010 9SIZE Magnification 100 b) Size 7 Figure 5 Reference image for graphite size (form III) 2.2 Visual classification of graphite The reference images given in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 provide a basis for classifying graphite forms, dist
37、ribution and size. The characteristic features of the graphite which occur are designated by letters and numerals. For this purpose, microstructures of graphite are arranged in a series of reference images consisting of schematic microstructures and photomicrographs of cast-iron microstructures. The
38、refore, among the images representing the size of the graphite, those for graphite form III (vermicular) in Figure 5 correspond to actual structures with the matrix removed. Those for graphite form I in Figure 3 and for graphite forms IV to VI in Figure 4 are fully schematic. The form, distribution
39、and size of the graphite observed are determined by comparison with the reference images and the allocation of the same classification as that of the images that resemble them most closely. This method permits quick identification of the graphite form. NOTE The comparison of actual microstructures w
40、ith schematic images or photomicrographs depends on the subjective impression of the metallographer. BS EN ISO 945-1:2008EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E) lSO 2010 10 3 Sampling and preparation of samples 3.1 Samples taken from a casting When taking samples from a casting, it is essential that attention be paid
41、 to the location, to the wall thickness, to the distance from the surface and to the presence of chills. The location of the sample in the casting shall be recorded in a report. If more than one casting is examined, the samples shall be taken from the same location in each casting for the purpose of
42、 comparability. The location of the metallographic specimen shall be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser, as stated in the relevant material standard. 3.2 Sample preparation The area of the polished surface shall be sufficient to give a true representation of the graphite structure. At
43、tention shall be paid to the careful grinding and polishing of the samples, so that the graphite particles appear in their original form, size and distribution. Inappropriate grinding and polishing can cause an unacceptable alteration of the microstructure. If necessary, the method of polishing may
44、be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser. The examination of the graphite under the microscope is usually carried out on the unetched polished section. 4 Procedure for graphite classification 4.1 Procedure for visual classification of graphite The polished samples shall be scanned under
45、a microscope in such a manner that a representative area is examined. To examine the graphite form and distribution, a 100 magnification should preferably be chosen. If necessary, the magnification may be adapted in relation with the wall thickness so that the form and distribution of graphite can b
46、e determined by using the reference images given in Figures 1 and 2 (see also Annexes A, B and C). Adjust the microscope magnification to match as closely as possible the corresponding images in Figures 1 and 2 before classifying the graphite form and its distribution, if appropriate. The graphite size shall only be determined by reference to Figures 3, 4 and 5 and Table 1, preferably at 100 magnification. Other magnifications are permitted (see Table 1, Notes 1 and 2, as well as 5.
