1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 11704:2010Water quality Measurementof gross alpha and beta activityconcentration in non-salinewater Liquid scintillationcounting methodBS EN ISO 11704:2015BS EN ISO 11704:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 11
2、704:2015. It is identical to ISO 11704:2010. It supersedes BS ISO 11704:2010, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/3, Water quality.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This pub
3、lication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 88659 1ICS 13.060.60; 17.240Compliance with a British Standard cannot conf
4、er immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2010.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affected31 August 2015 This corrigendum renumbers BS ISO 11704:2010 as BS EN ISO 11704:201
5、5EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 11704 August 2015 ICS 17.240; 13.060.60 English Version Water quality - Measurement of gross alpha and beta activity concentration in non-saline water - Liquid scintillation counting method (ISO 11704:2010) Qualit de leau - Mesurage des activ
6、its alpha globale et bta globale des eaux non salines - Mthode de comptage par scintillation liquide (ISO 11704:2010) Wasserbeschaffenheit - Bestimmung der Gesamt-Alpha- und Gesamt-Beta-Aktivitt in nicht-salzhaltigem Wasser - Verfahren mit dem Flssigszintillationszhler (ISO 11704:2010) This European
7、 Standard was approved by CEN on 30 July 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerni
8、ng such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into i
9、ts own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germ
10、any, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR
11、 NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 11704:2015 EEN ISO 11704:2015 (E) 3 European foreword The text of ISO 11704:2010 has been prepared b
12、y Technical Committee ISO/TC 147 “Water quality” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 11704:2015 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a
13、national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject o
14、f patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgari
15、a, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turke
16、y and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 11704:2010 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 11704:2015 without any modification. BS EN ISO 11704:2015ISO 11704:2010(E)BS ISO 11704:2010ISO 11704:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv 1 Scope1 2 Normative refer
17、ences1 3 Symbols, definitions and units 2 4 Principle2 5 Reagents and equipment3 6 Sampling.4 7 Procedure.4 7.1 Direct counting 4 7.2 Thermal preconcentration 5 7.3 Sample preparation .5 7.4 Liquid scintillation measurement 5 8 Expression of results7 8.1 Calculation of activity per unit of mass 7 8.
18、2 Standard uncertainty.8 8.3 Decision threshold 8 8.4 Detection limit9 8.5 Confidence limits.9 8.6 Quality control .10 9 Interference control.10 9.1 Contamination .10 9.2 Ingrowth of radon10 9.3 Loss of polonium.10 10 Test report10 Bibliography12 BS EN ISO 11704:2015ISO 11704:2010(E)BS ISO 11704:201
19、0ISO 11704:2010(E) iv ISO 2010 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each
20、 member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the Internationa
21、l Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
22、 adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
23、 patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 11704 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality. BS EN ISO 11704:2015EN ISO 11704:2015 (E)BS ISO 11704:2010INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11704:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved 1W
24、ater quality Measurement of gross alpha and beta activity concentration in non-saline water Liquid scintillation counting method WARNING Persons using this International Standard should be familiar with normal laboratory practice. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,
25、 if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to ensure compliance with any national regulatory conditions. IMPORTANT It is absolutely essential that tests conducted according to this International Standard be carried
26、out by suitably trained staff. 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of gross alpha and gross beta activity in waters for radionuclides which are not volatile at 80 C. Radon isotopes and their decay products of short half life are not included in the determinat
27、ion. The method is applicable to raw and potable waters with a dry residue less than 5 g/l and when no correction for colour quenching is necessary. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the editio
28、n cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 5667-3, Water quality Sampling Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calib
29、ration laboratories ISO 80000-10, Quantities and units Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physics BS EN ISO 11704:2015BS ISO 11704:2010ISO 11704:2010(E) 2 ISO 2010 All rights reserved3 Symbols, definitions and units For the purposes of this document, the definitions, symbols and abbreviations defined in IS
30、O 80000-10, as well as the following symbols, definitions and units, apply. a,aAlpha and beta activity per mass Bq g1a* Decision threshold Bq g1#a Detection limit Bq g1,aaLower and upper limits of the confidence interval Bq g1A,AActivity of the alpha and beta emitter certified reference solution use
31、d for the and calibration sources Bq m Mass of the test sample g m1Mass of initial sample subject to heating or possibly concentration g m2Mass of heated or concentrated sample g m3Mass of heated or concentrated sample transferred in the vial g mS, mSMass of alpha and beta emitters certified referen
32、ce solutions, respectively g rg, rgSample gross count rate, from the alpha and beta windows, respectively s1r0, r0, r0TBlank count rate, from the alpha, beta and total windows, respectively s1rS, rS, rS,TCount rate of the alpha calibration source in the alpha, beta and total window s1rS, rS, rS,T Co
33、unt rate of the beta calibration source in the alpha, beta and total window s1tgSample counting time s t0Blank counting time s ts, tsCounting time of and calibration sources s u (a) Standard uncertainty associated with the measurement result Bq g1U Expanded uncertainty, calculated from U = ku (a), w
34、here k = 1, 2 Bq g1()uaStandard uncertainty of aas a function of its true value Bq g1, Counting efficiency for alpha and beta, respectively ()Alpha interference Fraction of counts observed in the beta window withrespect to the total number of counts measured by the counter when analpha emitter is me
35、asured ()Beta interference Fraction of counts observed in the alpha window withrespect to the total number of counts measured by the counter when a betaemitter is measured 4 Principle Gross alpha and beta activity concentrations are determined by using liquid scintillation counting of a water sample
36、 mixed with a scintillation cocktail. Gross alpha and beta determinations are not absolute determinations of the sample radioactive contents, but relative determinations referred to a specific alpha or beta emitter which constitutes the standard calibration sources. These types of determinations are
37、 also known as the alpha and beta index. BS EN ISO 11704:2015ISO 11704:2010(E)BS ISO 11704:2010ISO 11704:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved 3The aqueous sample is acidified using nitric acid and heated. Subsequently, water with low salt content can be thermally concentrated by slow evaporation to
38、improve the method sensitivity. An aliquot of sample is transferred into a liquid scintillation vial with scintillation cocktail; scintillations from the vial are then counted by equipment with an alpha and beta discrimination device. The counter is previously optimized with respect to an alpha and
39、beta discriminator setting and then calibrated against alpha and beta emitter certified reference solutions. In data evaluation, no correction for chemical quenching is applied, since the procedure is designed to provide samples with a constant quenching level. The method does not account for 222Rn
40、and its daughters of short half life and it is not suitable for 3H and 14C measurement. When suspended matter is present in significant quantities, a filtration step is required before acidification. 5 Reagents and equipment All reagents shall be of recognized analytical grade, except for the scinti
41、llation cocktail, and shall not contain any detectable alpha and beta activity, except for the radioactive certified reference solutions. 5.1 Nitric acid, c(HNO3) = 15,8 mol/l, = 1,42 g/ml, mass fraction w(HNO3) = 70 %. 5.2 Water, ISO 36961, grade 3. Deionized water can contain detectable amounts of
42、 222Rn and short half-life decay products. It is therefore strongly recommended to boil water under vigorous stirring and let it stand for one day before use. Alternatively, use nitrogen flushing for about 1 h for a 2 l sample. 5.3 Scintillation cocktail. Commercially available scintillation cocktai
43、ls suitable for alpha and beta discrimination (e.g. diisopropylnaphthalene-based cocktails). 5.4 Volatile organic solvents. Methanol or ethanol. 5.5 Certified reference solutions. A calibration laboratory establishes traceability of its own calibration sources and measuring instruments to the Intern
44、ational System of Units (SI) by means of an unbroken chain of calibrations or comparisons linking them to relevant certified reference solutions of the SI units of measurement. The link to the SI units may be achieved with respect to national certified reference materials. These may be primary reali
45、zations of the SI units, or agreed representations of SI units based on fundamental physical constants, or they may be secondary materials which are materials certified by another national metrology institute. When using external calibration services, traceability of measurement shall be assured by
46、the use of calibration services from laboratories that can demonstrate competence, measurement capability, and traceability. The calibration certificates issued by these laboratories shall contain the measurement results, including the measurement uncertainty and/or statement of compliance with an i
47、dentified metrological specification. NOTE Calibration laboratories fulfilling the requirements of this International Standard are considered to be competent. A calibration certificate bearing an accreditation body logo from a calibration laboratory accredited to this International Standard, for the
48、 calibration concerned, is sufficient evidence of traceability of the calibration data reported. In general, the experimental parameters (efficiency, alpha and beta optimum discrimination) depend on alpha and beta energies, thus the choice of alpha and beta emitter certified reference solutions will
49、 depend on knowledge of the type of radioactive contaminant likely to be present in the waters being tested (see ISO 96964and Reference 11). 5.5.1 Alpha emitter certified reference solution. The alpha emitter certified reference solution shall not contain any unexpected detectable alpha and beta activity. BS EN ISO 11704:2015ISO 11704:2010(E)BS ISO 11704:2010ISO 11704:2010(E) 4 ISO 2010 All rights reservedNOTE 236U is a convenient choice when w
