1、BSI Standards PublicationSoil quality Guidance on the selection and application of screening methodsBS EN ISO 12404:2015National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 12404:2015.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/4, Soil quality
2、.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015Published by BSI Standa
3、rds Limited 2015 ISBN 978 0 580 88557 0 ICS 13.080.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2012.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication
4、Date Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS EN ISO 12404:201531 July 2015 This corrigendum renumbers BS ISO 12404:2011 asBS EN ISO 12404:2015It is identical to ISO 12404:2011. It supersedes BS ISO 12404:2011, which is withdrawn.EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 12404 July 2015 ICS 13
5、.080.10 English Version Soil quality - Guidance on the selection and application of screening methods (ISO 12404:2011) Qualit du sol - Lignes directrices pour la slection et lapplication des mthodes de diagnostic rapide (ISO 12404:2011) Bodenbeschaffenheit - Anleitung fr Auswahl und Anwendung von Vo
6、r-Ort-Verfahren (ISO 12404:2011) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 July 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date
7、 lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation u
8、nder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Forme
9、r Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT E
10、UROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 12404:2015 EEN ISO 12404:2015 (E) European foreword Th
11、e text of ISO 12404:2011 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190 “Soil quality” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 12404:2015 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 345 “Characterization of soils” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
12、This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o
13、f the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to impleme
14、nt this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, S
15、lovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 12404:2011 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 12404:2015 without any modification. iiBS EN ISO 12404:2015ISO 12404:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduc
16、tion v1 Scope 12 Normative references .13 Terms and definitions .14 General .14.1 Introduction .14.2 Typical areas for application of screening methods 25 Selection of a screening method 35.1 General objectives 35.2 Selection criteria 35.3 Fit-for-purpose test .45.4 Quality targets 46 Application an
17、d applicability of a selected screening method .56.1 General .56.2 Screening method requirements .56.3 Screening method applicability .57 Fit-for-purpose evaluation 77.1 General .77.2 Accuracy evaluation .87.3 Exclusion of false negative results 87.4 Testing of individual equivalence .88 Analytical
18、acceptance criteria 88.1 General .88.2 Starting criteria 98.3 Continuous criteria .99 Quality assurance .910 Documentation .10Annex A (informative) Example for selection and application process of screening methods 11Bibliography .12BS EN ISO 12404:2015ForewordISO (the International Organization for
19、 Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the
20、right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.Internation
21、al Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as
22、an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 1
23、2404 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 3, Chemical methods and soil characteristics.ISO 12404:2011(E)iv ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 12404:2015IntroductionScreening methods, which can be chemical, physical or biochemical in nature, can often be ap
24、plied in a quick and simple manner. Performance of quick and simple tests can be used in the field (i.e. on-site) and, in some cases, are also applicable for laboratory use. They can indicate the presence or absence of an analyte, or provide a qualitative estimate of a concentration or value, or gen
25、erate a quantitative result. They can also be used to produce a spatial distribution of concentrations or values within a site, which can be supported by subsequent reference (laboratory-base) analysis. When used in this way, the purpose is generally to obtain information on target parameters or gro
26、ups of parameters and the location of unusual concentrations, possibly prior to undertaking a more detailed study or investigation. For these purposes, the bias and precision of these methods need not be to the same level as conventional laboratory reference methods, for example as demonstrated by I
27、nternational Standards, as the initial objective of their use is to obtain as much information as possible in a relatively short period of time on the presence or absence, or range of concentrations likely to be determined for a particular site. It may be more important to obtain a result quickly or
28、 with an improved spatial resolution as an indication of the magnitude and likely concentration, rather than precise and unbiased values.Typically, for measurement techniques, a result may be obtained in one of three ways. Firstly, as a qualitative presence or absence result. Secondly, as a semi-qua
29、ntitative result expressed within a relatively wide range of values, and thirdly, as a result with an accompanying uncertainty of measurement with a significantly smaller range of values that might be expected. (The third option is usually a result generated using a laboratory reference method, with
30、 the uncertainty of measurement of laboratory reference methods generally being smaller than that of screening methods.) Whichever result is generated depends on the nature and type of the screening method used, as well as the technology on which the screening method is based.The use of screening me
31、thods usually increases the efficiency of a site investigation, while providing as much information as that obtained in situations where only laboratory reference methods are used. Whilst the use of these rapid measurement techniques at a particular site should not replace conventional analysis, the
32、ir use greatly facilitates the investigation in a complementary role. Generally, many more samples can be analysed and results generated faster than determined by more conventional testing of laboratory reference methods. This enables areas, for example, those with very high levels of concentrations
33、, or where very low concentrations exist, to be identified much more quickly and efficiently. If too few samples are taken and analysed by more costly laboratory reference methods, there is a risk that these areas might not be identified and could easily be missed. This process then allows more effo
34、rt to be directed on those areas where high or unusual levels are likely to be present, for example, by employing conventional laboratory reference method analysis. This can save time, money and resources, especially when cost-effective screening methods are applied to a large number of samples and
35、supportive conventional reference method analysis is also undertaken, where relevant.The use of screening methods, particularly if carried out on-site, can offer an immediate decision-making opportunity which enables staff to direct their efforts more effectively to those areas where a more thorough
36、 investigation might need to be undertaken. The guidance in this International Standard describes the application of screening methods, and how they might be used for assessing soil quality. Notwithstanding some of the issues raised, screening methods can generate robust and reliable results which c
37、an be used with confidence.NOTE Although soil screening methods are most commonly used to determine contaminants (pollutants) in soils, for example in site investigations, they can also be used to determine parameters in uncontaminated soils (e.g. agricultural soils.) The use of the word “contaminan
38、t” in this International Standard can equally apply to any relevant soil parameter.ISO 12404:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved vBS EN ISO 12404:2015INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12404:2011(E)Soil quality Guidance on the selection and application of screening methods1 ScopeThis International Standard
39、 provides guidance on the selection and application of screening methods for assessing soil quality. Guidance is given to choose an appropriate screening method for a specific parameter and defines the conditions under which they can be used.This International Standard does not recommend any particu
40、lar screening method, but confirms the principles of their selection and application.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of th
41、e referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 11074, Soil quality Vocabulary3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 and the following apply.3.1screening methodmethod which is used (often on-site) to quickly explore a given
42、 area or test a set of samples and obtain data on soil quality3.2laboratory reference methodlaboratory-based method which is performed in accordance with National or International Standards and is not necessarily comparable with screening methodsNOTE A laboratory reference method may be recognized n
43、ationally or internationally and is performed within a qualified laboratory. Its results are not necessarily comparable with those of screening methods.4 General4.1 IntroductionThis International Standard describes a framework for selection and application of screening methods.It defines the whole p
44、rocess, from the selection of the screening method, the applicability and fit-for-purpose testing, the fulfilling of the acceptance criteria, the quality control of the applied method, to the documentation of measurement results.The suitability of any particular screening method depends on the param
45、eter or group of parameters requiring determination and on the technical nature of the method.Screening methods can be classified in various categories as outlined below. ISO 2011 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 12404:20154.2 Typical areas for application of screening methodsScreening methods may com
46、plement a laboratory reference method, but may also be used alone where a definitive decision can be made using the screening method. Screening methods can be used to set priorities for a site investigation or facilitate the design of a sampling plan. Even allowing for the higher uncertainties of me
47、asurements generally associated with such methods, they may be used to quickly obtain an indication of, for example, the quality of soil or the concentration of parameters of interest present on a site, including those areas showing very high levels, and those areas showing low levels. Knowledge of
48、these results can be used quickly and decisions taken directly after the measurements are made to identify specific site locations where further sampling and analysis may be required, or to prioritize those samples that may need to be analysed using laboratory reference methods.Screening methods are
49、 often used to aid selection of those samples that are to be determined in a laboratory and those that are not. In addition, they can be used as an indicator that may suggest those locations where further investigation or follow-up action needs to be taken. Screening method analysis can be carried out in one of three ways:a) at or very close to the sampling location on-site in the field;b) at or very close to the sampling location inside a dedicated test room or an area equipped with basic services such as electricity and water, for example, where n
