1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 14238:2013Soil quality Biologicalmethods Determination ofnitrogen mineralization andnitrification in soils and theinfluence of chemicals on theseprocesses (ISO 14238:2012)BS EN ISO 14238:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implemen
2、tation of EN ISO14238:2013. It is identical to ISO 14238:2012. It supersedes BS7755-4.4.3:1997 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/4, Soil quality.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secr
3、etary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 82333 6ICS 13.080.30Compliance with a British Standard cannot c
4、onfer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 14238 December 2013 ICS 13.080.
5、30 English Version Soil quality - Biological methods - Determination of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in soils and the influence of chemicals on these processes (ISO 14238:2012) Qualit du sol - Mthodes biologiques - Dtermination de la minralisation de lazote et de la nitrification dans l
6、es sols, et de linfluence des produits chimiques sur ces processus (ISO 14238:2012) Bodenbeschaffenheit - Biologische Verfahren - Bestimmung der Stickstoffmineralisierung und -nitrifizierung in Bden und der Einflsse von Chemikalien auf diese Prozesse (ISO 14238:2012) This European Standard was appro
7、ved by CEN on 10 November 2013. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationa
8、l standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language
9、 and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hu
10、ngary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CE
11、NELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 14238:2013 EBS EN ISO 14238:2013EN ISO 14238:2013 (E) 3 Foreword The text of ISO 14238:2012 has been prepared by Te
12、chnical Committee ISO/TC 190 “Soil quality” of the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 14238:2013 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 345 “Characterization of soils” the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status
13、 of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
14、patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
15、 Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey
16、and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 14238:2012 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 14238:2013 without any modification. BS EN ISO 14238:2013ISO 14238:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope 12 Normative references . 13 Terms and def
17、initions . 14 Principle . 25 Materials . 25.1 Soils 25.2 Reagents and materials . 35.3 Test substance . 36 Apparatus 47 Procedures 47.1 Experimental options . 47.2 Treatment of soils 47.3 Incubation of soils . 57.4 Sampling of soils for testing 67.5 Extraction of soils . 67.6 Analyses 68 Expression
18、of results . 68.1 Basic mineralization test . 68.2 Toxicity testing . 79 Test report . 8Annex A (informative) Determination of water-holding capacity of soil 10Bibliography .12BS EN ISO 14238:2013ISO 14238:2012(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federat
19、ion of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committe
20、e. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance w
21、ith the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires appro
22、val by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 14238 was prepared by Technical Committee
23、 ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 4, Biological methods.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 14238:1997), which has been technically revised.iv ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 14238:2013ISO 14238:2012(E)IntroductionSoil consists of both living and non-living
24、 components which exist in a complex and heterogeneous environment. Microorganisms in the soil are mainly responsible for cycling of some nutrients and thus play an essential role in the maintenance of soil fertility. One of the most important microbial processes in soil is the mineralization of nit
25、rogen contained in organic forms to ammonium (ammonification) and thereafter to nitrite and nitrate (nitrification). Clearly, any long-term interference with this process could influence soil fertility. ISO 2012 All rights reserved vBS EN ISO 14238:2013BS EN ISO 14238:2013Soil quality Biological met
26、hods Determination of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in soils and the influence of chemicals on these processes1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies laboratory procedures for measuring the mineralization and nitrification of nitrogen by the soil microbiota.For investigations on the
27、 evaluation of soil quality or on effects of contamination, a procedure is given to measure the rates and extent of N-mineralization in soil or soils of known or unknown quality.For investigation of the potential toxicity of chemicals to N-mineralization in soils, a simple procedure is given which a
28、llows the impact of single chemicals to be assessed and provides a basis for comparison of the toxicities of different chemicals.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
29、undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 10381-6, Soil quality Sampling Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil under aerobic conditions for the assessment of microbiological processes, biomass and diversity in
30、the laboratoryISO 10390, Soil quality Determination of pHISO 10694, Soil quality Determination of organic and total carbon after dry combustion (elementary analysis)ISO 11260, Soil quality Determination of effective cation exchange capacity and base saturation level using barium chloride solutionISO
31、 11261, Soil quality Determination of total nitrogen Modified Kjedahl methodISO 11274, Soil quality Determination of the water-retention characteristic Laboratory methodsISO 11277, Soil quality Determination of particle size distribution in mineral soil material Method by sieving and sedimentationIS
32、O 11465, Soil quality Determination of dry matter and water content on mass basis Gravimetric method3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1nitrogen mineralizationN-mineralizationmicrobial degradation of an organic substance containing n
33、itrogen, via the processes of ammonification and nitrification, to the respective inorganic endproducts, specifically ammonium and nitrate3.2ammonificationmicrobial degradation of organic nitrogen to ammoniumINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14238:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 14238:2013I
34、SO 14238:2012(E)3.3nitrificationmicrobial oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and thereafter to nitrate3.4inhibitory doseIDxamount of a chemical added to soil that effectively inhibits N-mineralization by a stated percentage, after a given time, in comparison to an untreated controlEXAMPLE ID25and ID50
35、indicate 25 % and 50 % inhibition of N-mineralization, respectively.4 PrincipleThe rates or extent of N-mineralization in aerobic soils are determined by measuring the concentrations of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate released during mineralization of nitrogen contained in the soil organic matter or
36、during mineralization of an added nitrogenous organic compound.The influence of chemicals on N-mineralization is determined by amending soil with a readily degradable source of organic nitrogen, and measuring the percentage inhibition of product formation in test portions treated with different quan
37、tities of a chemical as compared to an untreated control.5 Materials5.1 Soils5.1.1 Selection of soils5.1.1.1 Basic mineralization testFor basic tests used for comparing the N-mineralization capacities of different soils or for comparing N-mineralization in one soil collected at different times of th
38、e year, ensure that the choice of soil(s) is consistent with the purpose of the determination.5.1.1.2 Toxicity testingTo determine the influence of chemicals on N-mineralization, use a soil with low content (as a mass fraction) of organic carbon (0,5 % to 1,5 %) and low content of clay.NOTE Such soi
39、l represents a worst-case situation, since adsorption is minimum and availability of the chemical to the microbiota is maximum. For routine testing, soils with a pH(KCl) less than 5 are not satisfactory, as the rate of nitrification is likely to be too low to permit a valid assessment of the effects
40、 of the chemical on the process. Sandy loam soils and loamy sand soils are preferred.5.1.2 Collection, handling and storage of soilsFor all tests, the recommendations in ISO 10381-6 for collection, handling and storage of soil shall be followed.The following information shall be documented: date of
41、collection; date(s) used in experiments; storage conditions, including temperature, moisture content; length of storage.2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 14238:2013ISO 14238:2012(E)5.1.3 Characterization of soilsTo facilitate interpretation of data and for comparative purposes, the following c
42、haracteristics shall be determined:a) physical properties: particle size distribution measured in accordance with ISO 11277, water content in accordance with ISO 11465, water retention characteristic in accordance with ISO 11274 and/or water-holding capacity in accordance with Annex A;b) chemical pr
43、operties: pH of soil in accordance with ISO 10390, cation exchange capacity in accordance with ISO 11260, organic matter content in accordance with ISO 10694, total nitrogen content in accordance with ISO 11261.5.2 Reagents and materials5.2.1 Quartz sand, fine and clean, of particle size 0,05 mm to
44、0,2 mm.5.2.2 Potassium chloride, solution c(KCI) = 1 mol/l5.2.3 Nitrogeneous substrate, at a concentration of nitrogen in soil of 100 mg/kg.For example: lucerne meal, with a C-to-N mass ratio of approximately 16 to 1; horn meal, with a C-to-N mass ratio of approximately 16 to 1; any other appropriat
45、e finely ground organic nitrogen source.Mineralization of nitrogen may also be measured from the organic matter of the soil. In this case, soil is not amended with an organic nitrogen source.For tests in which nitrification alone is of interest, ammonium as (NH4)2SO4 is an appropriate nitrogen sourc
46、e.5.3 Test substanceA test substance is only needed when the purpose of the investigation is to determine whether the substance can influence N-mineralization. Test substances shall be the purest that are commercially available. In many circumstances, it may be appropriate to test technical-grade or
47、 commercial-grade chemicals or mixtures.NOTE If carriers or formulation ingredients are mixed with the test substance, their influence on N-mineralization (if any) should be taken into account.In standard experiments with known test substances, the following data (if applicable) shall be given: name
48、 (IUPAC); structure; Chemical Abstracts Service number; relative molecular mass; ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3BS EN ISO 14238:2013ISO 14238:2012(E) purity; stability in water; solubility in organic solvents; vapour pressure; octanol/water partition coefficient (POW); common logarithm of the acid di
49、ssociation constant (pKa); absorption coefficient (Koc).6 ApparatusUsual laboratory apparatus and in particular the following.6.1 Mechanical shaker.6.2 Centrifuge or filter paper (nitrate- and ammonium-free).6.3 Instruments for measurement of concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite in soil extracts.7 Procedures7.1 Experimental options7.1.1 Basic mineralization testTo compare N-mineralization capacities in different soils or N-mineralization in one soil collected at different times of t
