1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN ISO 16072:2011Soil quality Laboratory methods for determination of microbial soil respirationICS 13.080.30g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g
2、60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 16072:2011. It is identical to ISO 16072:2002. Itsupersedes BS ISO 16072:2002, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/4, Soil quality.A li
3、st of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does cannot confer immunity fro
4、m legal obligations.BS EN ISO 16072:2011This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on31 January 2001 BSI 2011Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Comments 31 August 2011 This corrigendum renumbers BS ISO 16072:2002 asBS EN ISO
5、 16072:2011ISBN 978 0 580 73153 2EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 16072 June 2011 ICS 13.080.30 English Version Soil quality - Laboratory methods for determination of microbial soil respiration (ISO 16072:2002) Qualit du sol - Mthodes de laboratoire pour la dtermination de la
6、 respiration microbienne du sol (ISO 16072:2002) Bodenbeschaffenheit - Laborverfahren zur Bestimmung der mikrobiellen Bodenatmung (ISO 16072:2002) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 June 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the
7、 conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard
8、exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national
9、 standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
10、 and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO
11、 16072:2011: EDPlcsid Fremia ihTs PDF file mya ctnoian emdebt dedyfepcaes. In ccacnadrow eitA hebods licnesilop gnic,y tihs file mirp eb yatnde iv roweb detu slahl ton ide ebtlnu deess teh typfecaes wihce era hml era deddebicsnede ti dna onstlalde t noeh comuptfrep reromign tide ehtin.g In wodlnidao
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14、 nevwo. ISO 2002 All irthgs erse.devr lnUeto sswrehise specified, on trap fo this lbupictaion maeb y cudorperro de tuilizi den yna form ro na ybm ynae,s lecetrinoc ro mceinahcla, incliduntohp gcoiypodna gn micrfoilm, wittuoh repmissii now nritign from ietI rehSa Ot tsserdda eh ebolw or ISOs memreb i
15、 ydobn the cnuotfo yr ttseuqer ehe.r ISO cirypothg fofice saCe tsopale 65 eneG 1121-HC 02 avleT. 4 + 10 947 22 1 11 xaF0 947 22 14 + 9 74 E-mial coirypthgis.o groWe bwww.is.o groii Foreword The text of ISO 16072:2002 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190 “Soil quality” of the Internati
16、onal Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 16072:2011 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 345 “Characterization of soils” the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identic
17、al text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held
18、responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
19、Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 16072:2002 has been approved by CEN as a
20、 EN ISO 16072:2011 without any modification. BS EN ISO 16072:2011EN ISO 16072:2011 (E)iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Procedure. 2 4.1 General conditions 2 4.2 Choice of the measuring system. 3 5 Measuring systems. 3 5.1 D
21、etermination of O2consumption by static incubation in a pressure-compensation system 3 5.2 Determination of CO2release by titration in a static system . 4 5.3 Coulometric determination of CO2release in a static system . 6 5.4 Determination of CO2release using an infrared gas analyser in a flow-throu
22、gh system. 7 5.5 Determination of CO2release using gas chromatography in a flow-through system and a static system . 10 5.6 Determination of soil respiration by pressure measurement in a static system . 15 Bibliography . 19 BS EN ISO 16072:2011EN ISO 16072:2011 (E)iv Foreword ISO (the International
23、Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been esta
24、blished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardiza
25、tion. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for votin
26、g. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
27、patent rights. ISO 16072 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 4, Biological methods. BS EN ISO 16072:2011EN ISO 16072:2011 (E)vIntroduction This International Standard is derived from the German standard DIN 19737 (see 1). It describes methods for the determi
28、nation of microbial soil respiration in the laboratory. Microbial soil respiration results from the mineralization of organic substances. In this process, organic substances are oxidized to the end products carbon dioxide and water, with concurrent uptake of O2for aerobic microorganisms. The soil re
29、spiration is measured by the determination of O2consumption and/or by CO2release. Respiration is a measure of the overall activity of soil microorganisms. BS EN ISO 16072:2011EN ISO 16072:2011 (E)BS EN ISO 16072:2011EN ISO 16072:2011 (E)1Soil quality Laboratory methods for determination of microbial
30、 soil respiration 1 Scope This International Standard describes methods for the determination of soil microbial respiration of aerobic, unsaturated soils. The methods are suitable for the determination of O2uptake or CO2release, either after addition of a substrate (substrate-induced respiration), o
31、r without substrate addition (basal respiration). This International Standard is applicable to the measurement of soil respiration in order to: determine the microbial activity in soil (see 3); establish the effect of additives (nutrients, pollutants, soil improvers, etc.) on the metabolic performan
32、ce of microorganisms; determine the microbial biomass (see 4); determine the metabolic quotient qCO2. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the la
33、test edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 10381-6:1993, Soil quality Sampling Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial processes in the laboratory ISO 11274:1998, Soil quality Determination of the water-ret
34、ention characteristic Laboratory methods ISO 11465:1993, Soil quality Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis Gravimetric method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 basal respiration microbial soil respiratio
35、n without addition of nutrients 3.2 substrate-induced respiration SIR microbial soil respiration after addition of nutrients NOTE Glucose is an example of an added nutrient. BS EN ISO 16072:2011EN ISO 16072:2011 (E)2 3.3 microbial activity metabolic performance of microorganisms NOTE It can be measu
36、red, for example, as O2uptake or CO2release. 3.4 metabolic quotient qCO2specific metabolic activity of soil microorganisms, which can be calculated as the quotient basal respiration: microbial biomass NOTE Metabolic quotient is usually expressed as milligrams of CO2carbon released per hour per gram
37、of microbial biomass carbon. 3.5 rate of CO2formation O2consumption RCO2 RO2 amount of CO2released O2consumed per time unit from a mass unit of soil NOTE 1 Soil respiration is usually measured as the rate of CO2formation or O2consumption. NOTE 2 It is usually expressed as milligrams CO2or O2 per gra
38、m per hour (mg CO2or O2g1h1). 3.6 microbial biomass mass of intact microbial cells in a given soil NOTE This is usually estimated from the measurement of carbon or nitrogen content of these cells. 4 Procedure 4.1 General conditions 4.1.1 Soil sampling and storage Sample, store and pre-incubate soils
39、 in accordance with ISO 10381-6, independently of the choice of the procedure and the respiration parameter to be measured (basal respiration, SIR). 4.1.2 Measuring and incubation conditions Soil respiration is strongly influenced by water content and temperature. Therefore these parameters should b
40、e recorded in the final report. At suction pressures 0,03 MPa, the soil respiration will decrease considerably. The water content of the test soil is optimal when it corresponds with a pore water pressure of 0,01 MPa to 0,03 MPa (measured with an accuracy of 5 %, in accordance with ISO 11274) or 40
41、% to 60 % of the maximum water-holding capacity, respectively. A stable temperature should be used. Incubation temperatures between 20 C and 30 C are generally recommended, but other temperatures may be used if required. In the description of the methods, examples of incubation temperatures are give
42、n as well as the accuracy of temperature maintenance and measurement. If a method is used for the determination of soil microbial biomass, a temperature of 22 C is recommended because biomass calculations have been calibrated to this temperature. When soil samples are compared with respect to soil r
43、espiration, they should have the same moisture status (pore water pressure or percentage of maximum water-holding capacity). BS EN ISO 16072:2011EN ISO 16072:2011 (E)34.2 Choice of the measuring system Each measurement method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Care is needed, because the resu
44、lts obtained by O2uptake and by CO2release are not strictly compatible. It is the responsibility of the investigator to decide which of these methods is to be used. One of the systems described in Clause 5 should be used. Systems for measuring CO2do not distinguish between CO2released from microbial
45、 activities and CO2resulting from abiotic processes. For alkaline soils and soils with a high organic matter content, which can release considerable amounts of abiotically released CO2, methods using O2uptake are recommended. NOTE The advantages and disadvantages are described in the individual desc
46、riptions of the methods. 5 Measuring systems 5.1 Determination of O2consumption by static incubation in a pressure-compensation system 5.1.1 Principle The determination is based on the measurement of O2consumption during incubation of a soil sample in a closed system. The O2in the system is replenis
47、hed electrochemically. The CO2released is absorbed by calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2. Key A reaction vessel 1 soil sample 4 electrolyte B oxygen generator 2 CO2absorbent 5 electrodes C pressure indicator 3 pressure cell 6 recorder with display Figure 1 Determination of O2consumption (showing connection o
48、f a measuring unit) 5.1.2 Apparatus A detailed description of the apparatus can be found in 4; the essential features are as follows. BS EN ISO 16072:2011EN ISO 16072:2011 (E)4 The measuring system (see Figure 1) consists of a water bath with temperature control containing measuring units each compr
49、ising a reaction vessel (A) in which a CO2absorption device (2) is suspended from the stopper, an O2generator (B) and a pressure indicator (C). The vessels (A, B, C) of the measuring unit form together a closed system, connected to each other by tubing. In this way fluctuations in atmospheric pressure will not influence the results. The CO2released is absorbed by the calcium hydroxide (2). The consumption of O2due to respiration results in a negative pressure which activates the pressure indicator (C). This drives t
