1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 18122:2015Solid biofuels Determinationof ash contentBS EN ISO 18122:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO18122:2015.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid bi
2、ofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI St
3、andards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 81427 3ICS 27.190; 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since
4、publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 18122 November 2015 ICS 75.160.10 English Version Solid biofuels - Determination of ash content (ISO 18122:2015) Biocombustibles solides - Mthode de dtermination de la teneur en cendres (ISO 18122:2015) Biogene Fes
5、tbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Aschegehaltes (ISO 18122:2015) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 September 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard wi
6、thout any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any othe
7、r language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
8、Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMI
9、TTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 18122:2015 EBS EN ISO
10、18122:2015EN ISO 18122:2015 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN ISO 18122:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 “Solid biofuels“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be gi
11、ven the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
12、 subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Direct
13、ive(s). According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Fra
14、nce, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 18122:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN IS
15、O 18122:2015 without any modification. BS EN ISO 18122:2015ISO 18122:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle 25 Apparatus . 25.1 Dish . 25.2 Furnace 25.3 Balance . 25.4 Desiccator and desiccant 26 Sample preparation . 36.1 Sample size
16、 . 36.2 Sample conditioning. 37 Procedure. 37.1 Conditioning of dish . 37.2 Conditioning of the general analysis sample 37.3 Ashing of test portion 37.4 Weighing . 47.5 Completion of ashing . 48 Calculation 49 Performance characteristics 49.1 Repeatability . 49.2 Reproducibility . 410 Test Report 5B
17、ibliography 6 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS EN ISO 18122:2015ISO 18122:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carri
18、ed out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. I
19、SO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different
20、 approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directivesAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the su
21、bject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patentsAny trade nam
22、e used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technica
23、l Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 18122:2015ISO 18122:2015(E)IntroductionAsh content is an important parameter for fuel deliveries sin
24、ce ash is a by-product of combustion and ends up as bottom ash or fly-ash and needs to be removed. Depending on the jurisdiction, ash may be deposited or used for production of other products and knowing how much ash comes with a fuel may have economic consequences. In addition, the chemical composi
25、tion of ash contributes to slagging and corrosion in the combustion equipment and it is therefore important to know the amount of ash contained in a fuel. Other testing standards are used for determining the chemical composition of ash. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS EN ISO 18122:2015BS EN ISO 181
26、22:2015Solid biofuels Determination of ash content1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies a method for the determination of ash content of all solid biofuels.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, on
27、ly the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 16559, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptionsISO 18134-3, Solid Biofuels Determination of moisture content Oven dry method Part 3: Moisture in
28、general analysis sampleEN 147781), Solid Biofuels SamplingEN 147802), Solid Biofuels Sample preparation3 Terms and definitionsFor the purpose of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 16559 and the following apply.3.1nominal top sizeaperture of the sieve where at least 95 % by mass of
29、 the material passesSOURCE: ISO 165593.2laboratory samplecombined sample or a sub-sample of a combined sample for use in a laboratorySOURCE: ISO 165593.3test samplelaboratory sample after an appropriate preparation made by the laboratorySOURCE: ISO 165593.4test portionsub-sample either of a laborato
30、ry sample or a test sampleSOURCE: ISO 165591) To be replaced by ISO 18135.2) To be replaced by ISO 14780.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18122:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 18122:2015ISO 18122:2015(E)3.5general analysis samplesub-sample of a laboratory sample having a nominal top size o
31、f 1 mm or less and used for a number of chemical and physical analysesSOURCE: ISO 165594 PrincipleThe ash content is determined by calculation the mass of the residue remaining after the sample is heated in air under rigidly controlled conditions of time, sample weight and equipment specifications t
32、o a controlled temperature of (550 10) C.Automatic equipment (such as gravimetric analysers) may be used when the method is validated with biomass reference samples of an adequate biomass type. The automatic equipment shall fulfil all the requirements given in Clause 7 regarding sample size, heating
33、 procedure, atmosphere, temperature, and weighing accuracy.NOTE Difference in the ash content if determined at a higher temperature, 815 C, according to Reference 1 as compared to 550 C, is explained by the decomposition of carbonates forming CO2, by losses of volatile inorganic compounds and furthe
34、r oxidation of inorganic compounds (to higher oxidation states).5 Apparatus5.1 DishA dish of inert material, such as porcelain, silica, or platinum and of such size that the test sample loading does not exceed 0,1 g/cm2of bottom area.NOTE If the test sample loading exceeds 0,1 g/cm2of bottom area th
35、ere is a risk of incomplete incineration (in the lower sample layer) or absorption of CO2in the ash layer at the top (as CaCO3) of calcium rich samples (as e.g. pure wood).5.2 FurnaceThe furnace shall be capable of providing a zone of uniform heat at the temperatures required and reaching these temp
36、eratures within the specified times. The ventilation rate through the furnace shall be such that no lack of oxygen for combustion arises during the heating procedure.NOTE A ventilation rate of between five and 10 air changes per hour is sufficient.5.3 BalanceThe balance shall be capable of reading t
37、o the nearest 0,1 mg.5.4 Desiccator and desiccantA desiccator with appropriate desiccant is required to prevent absorption of moisture from the atmosphere by the test sample.WARNING Ash from solid biofuel is very hygroscopic and there is a risk that moisture bound in the desiccant can be absorbed in
38、 the sample. Therefore, the desiccant shall be controlled frequently and dried if necessary. In addition, lids shall be used to cover dishes while in the desiccator to prevent the absorption of moisture.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 18122:2015ISO 18122:2015(E)6 Sample preparationA laborato
39、ry sample for the determination of ash content shall be obtained in accordance with EN 14778. From the laboratory sample a general analysis sample is prepared in accordance with EN 14780 and has a nominal particle top size of 1 mm or less.6.1 Sample sizeThe general analysis sample shall include mate
40、rial sufficient for determination of ash content and moisture content.6.2 Sample conditioningThe determination of ash content shall be done eithera) directly on a test portion of the general analysis sample, including a concurrent determination of the moisture content of a similar test portion in ac
41、cordance with ISO 18134-3, orb) from a test portion of the general analysis sample which has been dried using the same drying procedure as in the determination of the moisture content of the test portion and kept absolutely dry before the weighing for the ash content determinations (the test portion
42、 shall be kept in a closed container in a desiccator with desiccant).NOTE For some solid biofuels it may be necessary to prepare a general analysis sample to a nominal top size of less than 1 mm (e.g. 0,25 mm) in order to keep the stated precision.7 Procedure7.1 Conditioning of dishHeat the empty di
43、sh in the furnace to (550 10) C for at least 60 min. Remove the dish from the furnace. Allow the dish to cool on a heat resistant plate for 5 min to 10 min and then transfer to a desiccator with desiccant and allow to cool to ambient temperature. When the dish is cool weigh to the nearest 0,1 mg and
44、 record the mass.NOTE 1 Several dishes can be handled at the same time.NOTE 2 For determination of the ash content at 815 C, see Reference 1.7.2 Conditioning of the general analysis sampleThe general analysis sample shall be mixed carefully before weighing the test portion. Place a minimum of 1 g of
45、 test portion at the bottom of the dish and spread in an even layer over the bottom surface. Weigh the dish plus the test portion to the nearest 0,1 mg and record the mass. If the test portion previously has been oven-dried, both the dish and the test portion shall be dried at 105 C and then weighed
46、 as a precautionary measure for absorption of moisture.NOTE If the ash content is expected to be very low, use a larger size test portion (and a larger dish) to improve the accuracy.7.3 Ashing of test portionPlace the dish in a cold furnace and heat the test portion in accordance with the following
47、temperature program. Raise the furnace temperature evenly to 250 C over a period of 30 min to 50 min (i.e. heating rate of 4,5 C/min to 7,5 C/min). Maintain the temperature at this level for 60 min to allow the volatiles to leave the test portion before ignition. ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3BS EN
48、ISO 18122:2015ISO 18122:2015(E) Continue to raise the furnace temperature evenly to (550 10) C over a period of 30 min (i.e. heating rate of 10 C/min). Maintain temperature at this level for at least 120 min.7.4 WeighingRemove the dish with its content from the furnace. Allow the dish and its conten
49、t to cool on a heat resistant plate for 5 min to 10 min and then transfer to a desiccator with desiccant and allow to cool to ambient temperature. Weigh the dish with ash to the nearest 0,1 mg as soon as ambient temperature is reached and record the mass. Calculate the ash content of the test portion as detailed in Clause 8.7.5 Completion of ashingIf there is any doubt of complete incineration (for instance presence of soot at visual inspection) reload the dish with ash into the hot furnace (at 550 C) for add
