1、BSI Standards PublicationErgonomics of human-systeminteractionPart 331: Optical characteristics of autostereoscopic displaysPD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN ISO/TR 92
2、41-331:2013. It is identical to ISO/TR 9241-331:2012. Itsupersedes PD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PH/9, Applied ergonomics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtainedon request to its s
3、ecretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 82215 5 ICS 13.180; 35.180 Compliance with a British Standa
4、rd cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2012.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affected31 October 2 0 1 3 T h i s c o r r i g e n d u m r e n u m b e r s
5、 P D I S O / T R 9 2 4 1 - 3 3 1 : 2 0 1 2a s P D C E N I S O / T R 9 2 4 1 - 3 3 1 : 2 0 1 3TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN ISO/TR 9241-331 September 2013 ICS 35.180; 13.180 English Version Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 331: Optical characteristics of auto
6、stereoscopic displays (ISO/TR 9241-331:2012) Ergonomie de linteraction homme-systme - Partie 331: Caractristiques optiques des crans autostroscopiques (ISO/TR 9241-331:2012) Ergonomie der Mensch-System-Interaktion - Teil 331: Optische Besonderheiten autostereoskopischer Displays (ISO/TR 9241-331:201
7、2) This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 19 August 2013. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 122. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
8、France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHE
9、S KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013: ECEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013 (E) 3 Foreword The text of ISO/TR 9241-331:
10、2012 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159 “Ergonomics” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the poss
11、ibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Endorsement notice The text of ISO/TR 9241-331:2012 has been approved by CEN as CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013 without any
12、 modification. PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013 (E)ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction vi 1 Scope 1 2 Terms and definitions . 1 2.1 General terms 1 2.2 Human factors . 3 2.3 Performance characteristics 3 3 Autostereoscopic
13、 display technologies . 5 3.1 General . 5 3.2 Cues for depth perception 5 3.3 Stereoscopic display classification . 7 3.4 Two-view (autostereoscopic) display 9 3.5 Multi-view (autostereoscopic) display 14 3.6 Integral (autostereoscopic) display . 22 3.7 Discussion . 29 3.8 Future work 36 4 Performan
14、ce characteristics 36 4.1 General . 36 4.2 Crosstalk 38 4.3 Visual artefacts 42 4.4 3D fidelity . 45 4.5 Future work 46 5 Optical measurement methods 46 5.1 General . 46 5.2 Measurement conditions 47 5.3 Measurement methods . 52 5.4 Future work 68 6 Viewing spaces and their analysis 68 6.1 General .
15、 68 6.2 Qualified viewing spaces 69 6.3 Related performance characteristics 73 6.4 Analysis methods 75 6.5 Future work 77 7 Further work . 78 Annex A (informative) Overview of the ISO 9241 series . 79 Annex B (informative) Head tracking technology 80 Bibliography 81 PD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012ISO/TR 924
16、1-331:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword ivIntroduction vi1 Scope 12 Terms and definitions . 1 2.1 General terms 1 2.2 Human factors . 3 2.3 Performance characteristics 33 Autostereoscopic display technologies . 5 3.1 General . 5 3.2 Cues for depth perception 5 3.3 Stereo
17、scopic display classification . 7 3.4 Two-view (autostereoscopic) display 9 3.5 Multi-view (autostereoscopic) display 14 3.6 Integral (autostereoscopic) display . 22 3.7 Discussion . 29 3.8 Future work 364 Performance characteristics 36 4.1 General . 36 4.2 Crosstalk 38 4.3 Visual artefacts 42 4.4 3
18、D fidelity . 45 4.5 Future work 465 Optical measurement methods 46 5.1 General . 46 5.2 Measurement conditions 47 5.3 Measurement methods . 52 5.4 Future work 686 Viewing spaces and their analysis 68 6.1 General . 68 6.2 Qualified viewing spaces 69 6.3 Related performance characteristics 73 6.4 Anal
19、ysis methods 75 6.5 Future work . 777 Further work . 78A Overview of the ISO 9241 series . 79Annex B (informative) Head tracking technology 80Bibliography 81 PD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E)ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E) vi ISO 2012 All rights reservedIntroduction R
20、ecent developments in display technologies have made it possible to render highly realistic content on high-resolution colour displays. The developments include advanced 3D display technologies such as autostereoscopic displays. The new 3D displays extend the capabilities of applications by giving t
21、he user more-realistic-than-ever perception in various application fields. This is valid not only in the field of leisure but also in the fields of business and education, and in medical applications. Nevertheless, 3D displays have display-specific characteristics originating from the basic principl
22、es of the image formation applied for the different 3D display designs. Among negative characteristics are imperfections that affect the visual quality of the displayed content and the visual experience of the users. These imperfections can induce visual fatigue for the users, which is one of the im
23、age safety issues described in IWA 3:2005. Nevertheless, it is important for the end user to be able to enjoy of the benefits of the 3D display without suffering any undesirable biomedical effects. It is therefore necessary that a standardized methodology be established which characterizes and valid
24、ates technologies in order to ensure the visual quality of the displays and the rendered content. The development of such a methodology has to be based on the human perception and performance in the context of stereoscopic viewing. The negative characteristics, by nature, originate from both 3D disp
25、lays and 3D image content. In this part of ISO 9241, however, attention is focussed only on 3D display, for simplicity of discussion and as a first step. In ISO 9241-303, performance objectives are described for virtual head-mounted displays (HMDs). This is closely related to autostereoscopic displa
26、ys, but not directly applicable to them. Considering the growing use of autostereoscopic displays, and the need for a methodology for their characterization in order to reduce visual fatigue caused by them, this Technical Report presents basic principles for related technologies, as well as optical
27、measurement methods required for the characterization of the current technologies and for a future International Standard on the subject. Since this Technical Report deals with display technologies that are in continual development, its content will be updated if and as necessary. It includes no con
28、tent intended for regulatory use. PD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E)ivTECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1Ergonomics of human-system interaction Part 331: Optical characteristics of autostereoscopic displays 1 Scope This part
29、of ISO 9241 establishes an ergonomic point of view for the optical properties of autostereoscopic displays (ASDs), with the aim of reducing visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic images on those displays. It gives terminology, performance characteristics and optical measurement methods for ASDs. It i
30、s applicable to spatially interlaced autostereoscopic displays (two-view, multi-view and integral displays) of the transmissive and emissive types. These can be implemented by flat-panel displays, projection displays, etc. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following term
31、s and definitions apply. 2.1 General terms 2.1.1 3D display display device or system including a special functionality for enabling depth perception 2.1.2 stereoscopic display 3D display where depth perception is induced by binocular parallax NOTE 1 People perceive depth from the retinal disparity p
32、rovided by binocular parallax. NOTE 2 Stereoscopic displays include stereoscopic displays requiring glasses, stereoscopic HMDs and autostereoscopic displays. NOTE 3 See ISO 9241-302:2008, 3.5.5, binocular display device. 2.1.3 autostereoscopic display ASD stereoscopic display that requires neither v
33、iewing aids such as special glasses nor head-mounted apparatus NOTE Autostereoscopic displays includes two-view displays, multi-view displays and integral displays, as well as other types of display not discussed in this part of ISO 9241, such as holographic displays and volumetric displays. 2.1.4 t
34、wo-view display two-view autostereoscopic display autostereoscopic display that creates two monocular views with which the left and right stereoscopic images are coupled PD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E) 2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved2.1.5 multi-view display m
35、ulti-view autostereoscopic display autostereoscopic display that creates more than two monocular views with which the stereoscopic images are coupled NOTE 1 It becomes an autostereoscopic display when the number of stereoscopic images is increased from two to more than two. NOTE 2 Principally, one o
36、f multiple stereoscopic images corresponds to one of multiple stereoscopic views, yet not necessarily excluding one-to-multi correspondence. 2.1.6 integral display integral autostereoscopic display autostereoscopic display that is intended to optically reproduce three-dimensional objects in space NO
37、TE Since, at present, it is not easy to make the optical reproduction perfect, integral displays are not necessarily free from such factors of undesirable biomedical effect as accommodation-vergence inconsistency (see 3.7, 4.1). 2.1.7 stereoscopic images set of images with parallax shown on a stereo
38、scopic display NOTE See 2.1.8. 2.1.8 stereoscopic views pair of sights provided by a stereoscopic display, which induce stereopsis NOTE See Figure 1. Key 1 autostereoscopic display 3 stereoscopic views 5 monocular view (right eye)2 stereoscopic images 4 monocular view (left eye)Figure 1 Relation bet
39、ween stereoscopic images, stereoscopic views and monocular view PD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E)ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 32.1.9 monocular view one stereoscopic view NOTE See 2.1.8. 2.1.10 number of views number of monocular views w
40、ith which stereoscopic images are coupled 2.2 Human factors 2.2.1 binocular parallax apparent difference in the direction of a point as seen separately by one eye and by the other, while the head remains in a fixed position NOTE 1 See IWA 3:2005, 2.15. NOTE 2 Binocular parallax is equivalent to the
41、optic angle between the visual axes of both eyes, when they are fixated to a single point. 2.2.2 visual fatigue eyestrain or asthenopia, which shows a wide range of visual symptoms, including tiredness, headache and soreness of the eyes, caused by watching images in a visual display NOTE 1 Adapted f
42、rom IWA 3:2005, 2.13. NOTE 2 See also ISO 9241-302:2008, 3.5.3. 2.2.3 accommodation adjustment of the optics of an eye to keep an object in focus on the retina as its distance from the eye varies SOURCE: ISO 9241-302:2008, 3.5.1, modified the Note to the definition has not been included. NOTE Adapte
43、d from IWA 3:2005, 2.18. 2.2.4 convergence turning inward of the lines of sight toward each other as the object of fixation moves toward the observer SOURCE: ISO 9241-302:2008, 3.5.10 NOTE See also IWA 3:2005, 2.19. 2.3 Performance characteristics 2.3.1 3D crosstalk leakage of an unwanted image data
44、 to each eye 2.3.2 interocular crosstalk leakage of the stereoscopic image(s) from one eye to the other PD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E)ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E) 4 ISO 2012 All rights reserved2.3.3 interocular luminance difference difference in luminance betwee
45、n stereoscopic views 2.3.4 interocular chromaticity difference difference in chromaticity between stereoscopic views 2.3.5 interocular contrast difference difference in contrast between stereoscopic views 2.3.6 3D moir periodical irregularity of luminance or chromaticity in space or angular directio
46、ns on a 3D display 2.3.7 pseudoscopic images pseudo-stereoscopic images set of images with inverted parallax shown on a stereoscopic display 2.3.8 3D image resolution spatial resolution of the image with depth shown on a stereoscopic display NOTE The term “spatial resolution” refers to horizontal an
47、d vertical resolution, as shown in the ISO 9241 300 series. 2.3.9 qualified viewing space QVS autostereoscopic displays space for the eye in which image(s) is observed at an acceptable level of visual fatigue NOTE 1 See also ISO 9241-302, 3.5.42. NOTE 2 QVS is defined separately for each eye as the
48、measurement result is unambiguous and equally valid for all observers, whereas the measured QBVS and QSVS results as such are only valid for people with average eye separation. NOTE 3 This term still needs discussion, because “monocular” viewing space is insufficient for determining the characterist
49、ics of autostereoscopic displays that require “binocular” viewing. 2.3.10 qualified binocular viewing space QBVS space in which images on a stereoscopic display are observed by both eyes at an acceptable level of visual fatigue NOTE 1 This term is based on the concept that there should be space where visual fatigue caused by pseudo-stereoscopy is small enough. NOTE 2 This term still needs discussion, because it is not clear whether there can exist a space larger than QSVS, which would still satisfy the visual fatigue requirements. 2.3.1
