1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationGuidelines for the evaluation of uncertainty of measurement in air conditioner and heat pump cooling and heating capacity testsPD CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012National forewordThis Publi
2、shed Document is the UK implementation of CEN ISO/TS16491:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical CommitteeRHE/17, Testing of air conditioning units.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does
3、not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 73504 2ICS 23.120; 27.080Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlega
4、l obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2013.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE S
5、PEZIFIKATION CEN ISO/TS 16491 December 2012 ICS 23.120; 27.080 English Version Guidelines for the evaluation of uncertainty of measurement in air conditioner and heat pump cooling and heating capacity tests (ISO/TS 16491:2012) Lignes directrices pour lvaluation de lincertitude de mesure lors des ess
6、ais de puissance frigorifique et calorifique des climatiseurs et des pompes chaleur (ISO/TS 16491:2012) Leitlinien fr die Beurteilung der Messunsicherheit bei der Prfung der Khl- und Heizleistung von Klimaanlagen und Wrmepumpen (ISO/TS 16491:2012) This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved b
7、y CEN on 20 November 2012 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
8、CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision ab
9、out the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
10、Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B
11、-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012: EPD CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 3 PD CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012 (E) 3 Foreword Th
12、is document (CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 86 “Refrigeration and air-conditioning“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 113 “Heat pumps and air conditioning units” the secretariat of which is held by AENOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility th
13、at some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound t
14、o announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portug
15、al, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO/TS 16491:2012 has been approved by CEN as a CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012 without any modification. PD CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012ISO/TS 16491:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiCont
16、ents Page Introduction . v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 Symbols 3 5 Method of calculation 4 5.1 Calibration 4 5.2 Correction 4 5.3 (Instrumental) drift . 4 5.4 Stability . 4 5.5 Uncertainty due to the lack of homogeneity 4 6 Explanatory notes useful in laboratory
17、application . 4 6.1 Uncertainty . 4 6.2 Confidence level 4 6.3 Evaluation of errors . 5 6.4 Steps in evaluation of uncertainty in measurements 5 6.5 Uncertainty of measurements 5 7 Evaluation of uncertainty Calorimeter room method 7 7.1 Cooling capacity test 8 7.2 Heating capacity test . 11 8 Evalua
18、tion of uncertainty Air enthalpy method . 14 8.1 Cooling capacity test 15 8.2 Heating capacity test . 16 8.3 Uncertainty of measurement on the air volume flow rate . 18 Annex A (normative) Uncertainty budget sheets 19 Annex B (informative) Determination of indirect contribution to uncertainty, U(CI)
19、 27 Bibliography 28 PD CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012ISO/TS 16491:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved vIntroduction This Technical Specification is intended to be a practical guide to assist laboratory personnel in evaluating the uncertainties in the measurement of the cooling and heating capacities of air
20、conditioners and heat pumps. It contains a brief introduction to the theoretical basis for the calculations, and contains examples of uncertainty budget sheets that can be used as a basis for the determination of the uncertainty of measurement. PD CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS
21、16491:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1Guidelines for the evaluation of uncertainty of measurement in air conditioner and heat pump cooling and heating capacity tests 1 Scope This Technical Specification gives guidance on the practical applications of the principles of performance measurement o
22、f air-cooled air-conditioners and air-to-air heat pumps as described in ISO 5151, ISO 13253, and ISO 15042. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
23、the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/IEC Guide 99, International vocabulary of metrology Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM) ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement
24、 (GUM:1995) ISO 3534-1, Statistics Vocabulary and symbols Part 1: General statistical terms and terms used in probability ISO 5151, Non-ducted air conditioners and heat pumps Testing and rating for performance ISO 13253, Ducted air-conditioners and air-to-air heat pumps Testing and rating for perfor
25、mance ISO 15042, Multiple split-system air-conditioners and air-to-air heat pumps Testing and rating for performance 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC Guide 99, ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, ISO 3534-1, ISO 5151, ISO 13253 and ISO 15042 apply
26、. NOTE The definitions of terms 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 are taken from ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.39, 4.14, 2.53, 4.21 and 4.19, respectively, and they are repeated here for easy reference. 3.1 calibration operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between t
27、he quantity values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and, in a second step, uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide
28、 99:2007, 2.39 PD CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012ISO/TS 16491:2012(E) 2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved3.2 resolution smallest change in a quantity being measured that causes a perceptible change in the corresponding indication SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.14 NOTE In the case of a digital instrument, this va
29、lue corresponds to the value of the least significant digit of the reading of the instrument. This value might be different on the overall range of an instrument. 3.3 correction modification applied to a measured quantity value to compensate for a known systematic effect SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:200
30、7, 2.53, modified 3.4 (instrumental) drift continuous change in an indication, related neither to a change in the quantity being measured nor to a change of any recognized influence quantity SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.21, modified 3.5 stability ability of a measuring instrument or measuring sy
31、stem to maintain its metrological properties constant with time SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.19, modified 3.6 uncertainty due to the lack of homogeneity component specific to air temperature measurements where several probes are used simultaneously NOTE In this case the air temperature value use
32、d in the calculation of heat power is the mean of the measurements of the different probes. 3.7 Type of error evaluation 3.7.1 type A evaluation of standard uncertainty evaluation of standard uncertainty based on any valid statistical method for treating data NOTE Examples are calculating the standa
33、rd deviation of the mean of a series of independent observations, using the method of least squares to fit a curve to data in order to evaluate the parameters of the curve and their standard deviations, and carrying out an analysis of variance in order to identify and quantify random effects in cert
34、ain kinds of measurements. If the measurement situation is especially complicated, one should consider obtaining the guidance of a statistician. 3.7.2 type B evaluation of standard uncertainty evaluation of standard uncertainty that is usually based on scientific judgment using all the relevant info
35、rmation available NOTE Relevant information can include previous measurement data, experience with, or general knowledge of, the behaviour and property of relevant materials and instruments, manufacturers specifications, data provided in calibration and other reports, and uncertainties assigned to r
36、eference data taken from handbooks. PD CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012ISO/TS 16491:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 34 Symbols For the purposes of this document, the symbols defined in ISO 5151, ISO 13253 and ISO 15042 and the following apply. Symbol Description Unit e water vapour partial pressure Pa ew(
37、Td) water vapour partial pressure at TdPa fwenhancement factor, considered as a constant value equal to 1 KS,iheat leakage coefficient between the indoor side compartment of the calorimeter and its surroundings WK-1KS,oheat leakage coefficient between the outdoor side compartment of the calorimeter
38、and its surroundings WK-1KS,p heat leakage coefficient between indoor side and outdoor side compartments of the calorimeter through the separating partition WK-1 madry air mass kg Madry air mass molar molar (kgmol-1)Mvwater vapour mass molar molar (kgmol-1)N number of sensors NT number of values rec
39、orded during the acquisition time p atmospheric pressure Pa padry air partial pressure Pa pwwater vapour partial pressure at wet-bulb temperature TwPa qiwwater flow rate through the coil of the indoor side compartment of the calorimeter kg/s qow water flow rate through the coil of the outdoor side c
40、ompartment of the calorimeter kg/s R perfect gas constant T air dry bulb temperature C Tdair dew point temperature C Tivalue measured by the sensor i Tmmean value measured by N sensors Tiamair temperature in the indoor side compartment of the calorimeter C Toam air temperature in the outdoor side co
41、mpartment of the calorimeter C Tiscm air temperature in the surroundings of the indoor side compartment of the calorimeter C Toscmair temperature in the surroundings of the outdoor side compartment of the calorimeter C Tiwiwater inlet temperature to coil of the indoor side compartment of the calorim
42、eter C Tiwowater outlet temperature to coil of the indoor side compartment of the calorimeter C Towi water inlet temperature to coil of the outdoor side compartment of the calorimeter C Towo water outlet temperature to coil of the outdoor side compartment of the calorimeter C U(CI) indirect contribu
43、tion to expanded uncertainty W u(CI) indirect contribution to standard uncertainty W V dry air volume m3 ratio of the water vapour mass molar to the dry air mass molar (0,62198) PD CEN ISO/TS 16491:2012ISO/TS 16491:2012(E) 4 ISO 2012 All rights reserved5 Method of calculation 5.1 Calibration This va
44、lue is given in the calibration certificate. This value is the calibration uncertainty which takes into account the reference instrument and the calibrated instrument. The calibration uncertainty shall be at a confidence level of at least 95 %. 5.2 Correction This quantity concerns here the calibrat
45、ion correction. If this calibration correction is applied on the raw measurement of the instrument through a modelisation curve, this term is the maximum difference between the correction model and the calibration results. If no correction is applied on the raw measurement of the instrument, this co
46、rrection is linearly added to the expanded measurement uncertainty. 5.3 (Instrumental) drift This value is calculated as the difference in successive calibration corrections. 5.4 Stability The quantity is generally a mean of several instantaneous data measured in a given period of time. The uncertai
47、nty component due to stability is calculated as the standard deviation of the instantaneous measurements, and the standard uncertainty of the mean value is defined as this standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of recorded data. 5.5 Uncertainty due to the lack of homogeneity The
48、 uncertainty component due to homogeneity is calculated as the standard deviation of the individual measurements, and the standard uncertainty of the mean value is defined as this standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of probes. 6 Explanatory notes useful in laboratory applicat
49、ion 6.1 Uncertainty No measurement of a real quantity can be exact; there is always some error involved in the measurement. Errors may arise because of measuring instruments not being exact, because the conditions of the test are not precise, or for many other reasons, including human error. The likely magnitude of this error in measurement is known as the uncertainty. Uncertainty may be expressed as a range of test results (e.g. 10 kW 0,1 kW), or as a fraction o
