1、DDCENISO/TS27687:2009ICS 01.040.07; 07.030NO COPYING WITHOUTBSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWDRAFTFORDEVELOPMENTNanotechnologiesT erminologyanddefinitionsfornano-objectsN anoparticle,nanofibreandnanoplate(ISO/TS27687:2008)PD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009Incorporating corrigendum July 2015P
2、D CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009ISBN 978 0 580 90283 3Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Comments31 July 2015 CEN correction notice 31 October 2012 implements ISO corrected text 1 February 2009: See ISO Foreword for detailsThis Published Documentwas published under the authority of the Standa
3、rds Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2010 The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009. It is identical to ISO/TS 27687:2008. It supersedes DD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2008
4、 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NTI/1, Nanotechnologies.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a co
5、ntract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN ISO/TS 27687 October 2009 ICS 07.030; 01.040.07 Supersedes CEN ISO/TS 27687:2008Engli
6、sh Version Nanotechnologies - Terminology and definitions for nano-objects - Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate (ISO/TS 27687:2008, Corrected version 2009-02-01) Nanotechnologies - Terminologie et dfinitions relatives aux nano-objets - Nanoparticule, nanofibre et nanofeuillet (ISO/TS 27687:2008,
7、Version corrige 2009-02-01) Nanotechnologien - Terminologie und Begriffe fr Nanoobjekte - Nanopartikel, Nanofaser und Nanoplttchen (ISO/TS 27687:2008, korrigierte Fassung 2009-02-01) This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 24 August 2009 for provisional application. The period o
8、f validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS i
9、n the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CE
10、N members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
11、Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and
12、by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009: EDD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009 (E)3 Foreword The text of ISO/TS27687:2008 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229 “Nanotechnologies”of the International Organization for Standardizat
13、ion (ISO) and has been taken over as CEN ISO/TS27687:2009 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 352 “Nanotechnologies” the secretariat of which is held by BSI. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not b
14、e held responsible for identifying any orall such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN ISO/TS 27687:2008.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to announce this TechnicalSpecification: Austria,Belgium, Bulgar
15、ia, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UnitedKingdom. Endorsement noticeThe text of IS
16、O/TS27687:2008 has been approved by CEN as a CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009 without anymodification.PD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009ISO/TS 27687:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iiiForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member
17、 bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member bodyinterested in a subject for which a technical committee has beenestablished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental a
18、nd non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closelywith the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives,
19、 Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standardsadopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casti
20、ng a vote. In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement forsuch documents, a technical committee may decide to publish other types of document: an ISOPubliclyAvailable Specification (ISO/PAS) represents anagreement between technical experts inan ISO working group a
21、nd is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members of the parent committee casting a vote; an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technicalcommittee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the member
22、s of the committee casting a vote. An ISO/PAS or ISO/TSis reviewed after three years in order todecide whether it willbe confirmed for afurther three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS isconfirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three yea
23、rs, at which time it must either be transformed into an International Standard or be withdrawn. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/T
24、S 27687 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies. In this corrected version of ISO/TS27687:2008, the caption for Figure 1 b) has been altered, a terminology change has been made in the bottom, right-hand boxof Figure 2 and the second line of the NOTE under 4.1 has been altere
25、d to align with Figure 1 b). PD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)iv ISO 2008 All rights reservedIntroduction As many authorities predict that applications of nanotechnologies will pervade allareas of life and will enabledramatic advances to be realizedin all areas ofcommunication, health, ma
26、nufacturing, materials andknowledge-based technologies, there is an obvious need to provide industryand research with suitable toolsto aid the development and application of those technologies. It is also essential that regulators and health and environmental protection agencies have available relia
27、ble measurement systems and evaluation protocols supported by well-founded and robust standards.Often in the field of nanotechnologies, researcherswith the aid of microscopes namematerials inspired by theshape of objects found in everydaylife although the physical size is much smaller. The prefix, n
28、ano-, is oftenadded to denote the small size of the object. (The prefix nano-, is also used in S.I. units to indicate 109e.g. 1 nanometre = 109metre.)To create a unitary standard, this terminology and definitions document encompasses terms used in both nanosciences and nanotechnologies concerning pa
29、rticles at the nano-scale. Nano-object and other new terms are coined to allow development of a rational hierarchical system of definitions. This hierarchy will allowsystematic building of vocabularyand is contained in a larger hierarchy of terms under development fornanotechnologies. This document
30、provides an up-to-date listing of terms and definitions relevant to the area. Itforms one part of a projected multi-part terminology and definitions document covering the different aspects ofnanotechnologies. It is intended to facilitate communications between organizations and individuals in indust
31、ryand those who interact with them. This document is concerned with the definition of terminologyand definitions for these small objects. These objects come in several shapes; the three basic shapes referred to in this document are illustrated in Figure 1: a) nanoparticle b) nanofibrec) nanoplateFig
32、ure 1 Schematic diagramsshowing some shapes for nano-objectsThere is a hierarchical relationship between many of the different terms in the document. Some elements of this are shown in Figure 2 to illustrate some of the relationships that exist. PD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009ISO/TS 27687:2008(E) ISO 2008
33、All rights reserved vFigure 2 Fragment of hierarchy of termsrelated to nano-objectsPD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009PD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 27687:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1Nanotechnologies Terminology and definitions for nano-objects Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nano
34、plate 1 Scope This Technical Specification lists terms and definitions related to particles in the field of nanotechnologies. It isintended to facilitate communications between organizations and individuals in industry and those who interactwith them. 2 Core terms related to particles 2.1 nanoscale
35、size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nmNOTE 1Properties that are not extrapolations from a larger size will typically, but not exclusively,be exhibited in thissize range. For such properties the size limits are considered approximate. NOTE 2The lower limit in this definition (approximately 1 nm
36、) is introduced to avoid single and small groups of atomsfrom being designatedas nano-objectsor elements of nanostructures, which might be implied by the absence of a lower limit. 2.2 nano-objectmaterial with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscaleNOTE Generic term for all discrete na
37、noscale objects. 3 Terms concerning particles and assemblies of particles Nano-objects (for example nanoparticles, nanofibres, and nanoplates see Clause 4), often occur in (large)groups, rather than isolated. For reasons of surface energy, such coexisting nano-objects are likely to interact.In the d
38、escriptionof these interactions, the following terms are often used. The following terms are not restricted with respect to physical size and shape. These terms are included for completeness and theirimportance at the nanoscale. 3.1 particle minute piece of matter withdefined physical boundariesISO
39、14644-6:2007, definition 2.102 NOTE 1 A physical boundary can also be described as an interface. NOTE 2 A particle can move as a unit.NOTE 3 This general particle definitionapplies to nano-objects. PD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved3.2 agglomerate collection o
40、f weakly bound particles or aggregates ormixtures of the two where the resulting external surface area is similar to the sum of the surface areas of the individual componentsNOTE 1The forcesholding an agglomerate together are weak forces, for example van der Waals forces, or simplephysical entanglem
41、ent. NOTE 2Agglomerates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed primaryparticles. 3.3 aggregate particle comprising strongly bonded or fused particles where the resulting external surface area may besignificantly smaller than the sum of calculated surface are
42、as of the individual componentsNOTE1 The forces holding an aggregate together are strong forces, for example covalent bonds, or those resultingfrom sintering or complex physical entanglement. NOTE 2 Aggregates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed primarypa
43、rticles. 4 Terms specific to nano-objects 4.1 nanoparticlenano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscaleNOTE If the lengths of the longest to the shortest axes of the nano-object differ significantly (typically by more thanthree times), the terms nanofibre or nanoplate are intended
44、to be used instead of the term nanoparticle. 4.2 nanoplatenano-object with one external dimension in the nanoscale and the two other externaldimensionssignificantly largerNOTE 1 The smallest external dimension is the thickness of the nanoplate. NOTE 2The two significantly larger dimensions are consi
45、dered to differ from the nanoscale dimension by more thanthree times. NOTE 3 The larger external dimensions are not necessarily in the nanoscale. 4.3 nanofibrenano-object with two similar external dimensions in the nanoscale and the third dimension significantly largerNOTE 1A nanofibre can be flexib
46、le or rigid. NOTE 2The two similar external dimensions are considered to differ in size by less thanthree times and thesignificantly larger external dimension is considered to differ from the other two by more than three times. NOTE 3 The largest external dimension is not necessarily in the nanoscal
47、e. 4.4 nanotubehollow nanofibrePD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009ISO/TS 27687:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 34.5 nanorod solid nanofibre4.6 nanowireelectrically conducting or semi-conducting nanofibre4.7 quantum dot crystalline nanoparticle that exhibits size-dependent properties due to quantum confine
48、ment effects on the electronic statesPD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009ISO/TS 27687:2008(E)4 ISO 2008 All rights reservedAnnex A(informative) Particle size measurement A.1 Introduction Particle size is a fundamental attribute of disperse materials. However,the reported particle size andassociated accuracy are
49、 dependent on a number of considerations. A.2Sampling and size distributions A.2.1 GeneralParticles from either natural sources or when manufactured under carefully controlled conditions, exist aspopulations with a range of sizes, shapes, morphologies and compositions. For good quality measurement, a representative sample of a sufficient number of particles to adequately define the population must first beobtained. The approach needed is affected by the media surrounding the particles, and alsoif the particles are transferred from one me
