1、 ETSI EN 302 686 V1.1.1 (2011-02)Harmonized European Standard Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS);Radiocommunications equipment operatingin the 63 GHz to 64 GHz frequency band;Harmonized EN covering the essential requirementsof article 3.2 of the R Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified
2、to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be
3、given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Harmonized European Standard has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibi
4、lity and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM). For non-EU countries, the present document may be used for regulatory (Type Approval) purposes. The present document has been produced by ETSI in response to a mandate from the European Commission issued under Council Directive 98/34/EC (as amended) i.4 laying
5、down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations. The present document is intended to become a Harmonized Standard, the reference of which will be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities referencing the Directive 1999/5/EC i.
6、9 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity (“the R e.g. a road or rail infrastructure. These networks operate over a short range with very wideband communications using a
7、variety of directional medium and high gain antennas to enable a high degree of spectrum reuse, and may use a flexible bandwidth scheme under which they normally operate in a wideband mode, and periodically reduce their bandwidth (e.g. for antenna training and other activities). The technical charac
8、teristics of these applications are described in TR 102 400 i.1, where ITS applications in the 63 GHz to 64 GHz band is described. The present document is also in line with the results of the of the spectrum compatibility study in the CEPT ECC Report 113 i.3. These radio equipment types are capable
9、of operating in all or any part of the frequency bands given in table 1. Table 1: Radiocommunications service frequency bands Radiocommunications service frequency bands Transmit 63 GHz to 64 GHz Receive 63 GHz to 64 GHz The present document is intended to cover the provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC
10、 i.9 (R Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics“. 2 CISPR 16 (2006) (parts 1-1, 1-4 and 1-5): “Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods; Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus“. 3 ITU-T Recommendation O.15
11、3 (1992): “Basic parameters for the measurement of error performance at bit rates below the primary rate“. 4 ETSI TR 102 273 (all parts) (V1.2.1): “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the c
12、orresponding measurement uncertainties“. 2.2 Informative references The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. i.1 ETSI TR 102 400 (V1.2.1): “Electromagnetic compatibility and Rad
13、io spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Road Traffic and Transport Telematics (RTTT); Technical characteristics for communications equipment in the frequency band from 63 GHz to 64 GHz; System Reference Document“. i.2 ETSI TS 103 051: “Electromagnet
14、ic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Expanded measurement uncertainty for the measurement of radiated electromagnetic fields“. i.3 CEPT ECC Report 113: “Compatibility studies around 63 GHz between Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and other systems“. i.4 Directive 98/34/EC of th
15、e European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations. i.5 ETSI TS 103 052: “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radiated measurement methods and general arrang
16、ements for test sites up to 100 GHz“. i.6 CEPT/ERC Recommendation 74-01 (2005): “Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain“. i.7 Commission Directive 95/54/EC of 31 October 1995 adapting to technical progress Council Directive 72/245/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating
17、 to the suppression of radio interference produced by spark-ignition engines fitted to motor vehicles and amending Directive 70/156/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers. i.8 ETSI EG 201 399: “Electromagnetic comp
18、atibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); A guide to the production of Harmonized Standards for application under the R the type designation. 4.3.5.2 Marking The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable. In cases where the equipment is too small to ca
19、rry the marking, it is sufficient to provide the relevant information in the users manual. 4.4 Auxiliary test equipment All necessary test signal sources and set-up information shall accompany the equipment when it is submitted for testing. The following product information shall be provided by the
20、manufacturer: the type of modulation technology implemented in the equipment (e.g. FMCW or pulsed); the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment; ETSI ETSI EN 302 686 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 11 the intended combination of the transmitter/transceiver and its antenna and their corresponding e.i.r.p. lev
21、els in the main beam; the nominal power supply voltages of the radio equipment; for FMCW, FH, FSK or similar carrier based modulation schemes, it is important to describe the modulation parameters in order to ensure that the right settings of the measuring receiver are used. Important parameters are
22、 the modulation period, deviation or dwell times within a modulation period, rate of modulation (Hz/s); the implementation of features such as gating, hopping or stepped frequency hopping; the implementation of any mitigation techniques such as duty cycle; for pulsed equipment, the Pulse Repetition
23、Frequency PRF shall be stated. 4.5 General requirements for RF cables All RF cables including their connectors at both ends used within the measurement arrangements and set-ups shall be of coaxial or waveguide type featuring within the frequency range they are used: a VSWR of less than 1,2 at either
24、 end; a shielding loss in excess of 60 dB. When using coaxial cables for frequencies above 40 GHz attenuation features increase significantly and decrease of return loss due to mismatching caused by joints at RF connectors and impedance errors shall be considered. All RF cables and waveguide interco
25、nnects shall be routed suitably in order to reduce impacts on antenna radiation pattern, antenna gain, antenna impedance. Table 2 provides some information about connector systems that can be used in connection with the cables. Table 2: Connector systems Connector System Frequency Recommended coupli
26、ng torque N 18 GHz 0,68 Nm to 1,13 Nm SMA 18 GHz(some up to 26 GHz) 0,56 Nm 3,50 mm 26,5 GHz 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm 2,92 mm 40 GHz (some up to 46 GHz) 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm 2,40 mm 50 GHz (some up to 60 GHz) 0,8 Nm to 1,1 Nm 1,85 mm 65 GHz (some up to 75 GHz) 0,8 Nm to1,1 Nm 4.6 RF waveguides Wired signal tran
27、smission in the millimeter range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave pro
28、pagation in the waveguide is not possible below a certain cutoff frequency where attenuation of the waveguide is very high. Beyond a certain upper frequency limit, several wave propagation modes are possible so that the behaviour of the waveguide is no longer unambiguous. In the unambiguous range of
29、 a rectangular waveguide, only H10 waves are capable of propagation. The dimensions of rectangular and circular waveguides are defined by international standards such as 153-IEC for various frequency ranges. These frequency ranges are also referred to as waveguide bands. They are designated using di
30、fferent capital letters depending on the standard. Table 3 provides an overview of the different waveguide bands together with the designations of the associated waveguides and flanges. For rectangular waveguides, which are mostly used in measurements, harmonic mixers with matching flanges are avail
31、able for extending the frequency coverage of measuring receivers. Table 3 provides some information on waveguides. ETSI ETSI EN 302 686 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 12Table 3: Waveguide bands and associated waveguides Band Frequency in GHz Designations Internal dimensions of waveguide Designations of frequently
32、 used flanges MIL-W-85 EIA 153-IEC RCSC (British) in mm in inches MIL-F-3922 UG-XXX/U equivalent (reference) Remarks Ka 26,5 to 40,0 3-006 WR-28 R320 WG-22 7,11 x 3,56 0,280 x 0,140 54-006 68-002 67B-005 UG-559/U UG-381/U Rectangular Rectangular Round Q 33,0 to 55,0 3-010 WR-22 R400 WG-23 5,69 x 2,8
33、4 0,224 x 0,112 67B-006 UG-383/U Round U 40,0 to 60,0 3-014 WR-19 R500 WG-24 4,78 x 2,388 0,188 x 0,094 67B-007 UG-383/U-M Round V 50,0 to 75,0 3-017 WR-15 R620 WG-25 3,759 x 1,879 0,148 x 0,074 67B-008 UG-385/U Round E 60,0 to 90,0 3-020 WR-12 R740 WG-26 3,099 x 1,549 0,122 x 0,061 67B-009 UG-387/U
34、 Round W 75,0 to 110,0 3-023 WR-10 R900 WG-27 2,540 x 1,270 0,100 x 0,050 67B-010 UG-383/U-M Round As waveguides are rigid, it is unpractical to set up connections between antenna and measuring receiver with waveguides. Either a waveguide transition to coaxial cable is used or - at higher frequencie
35、s - the harmonic mixer is used for frequency extension of the measuring receiver and is directly mounted at the antenna. 4.6.1 Wave Guide Attenuators Due to the fact that external harmonic mixers can only be fed with low RF power it may be necessary to attenuate input powers in defined manner using
36、wave guide attenuators. These attenuators shall be calibrated and suitable to handle corresponding powers. 4.7 External harmonic mixers 4.7.1 Introduction Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 67 GHz. The frequency range is ext
37、ended from 40 GHz to 67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic mixers. Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed in the lower frequency range is too complex and expensive or requires components such as preselectors which are not available. Harmonic
38、 mixers are waveguide based and have a frequency range matching the waveguide bands. They must not be used outside these bands for calibrated measurements. In harmonic mixers, a harmonic of the local oscillator (LO) is used for signal conversion to a lower intermediate frequency (IF). The advantage
39、of this method is that the frequency range of the local oscillator may be much lower than with fundamental mixing, where the LO frequency must be of the same order (with low IF) or much higher (with high IF) than the input signal (RF).The harmonics are generated in the mixer because of its nonlinear
40、ity and are used for conversion. The signal converted to the IF is coupled out of the line which is also used for feeding the LO signal. To obtain low conversion loss of the external mixer, the order of the harmonic used for converting the input signal should be as low as possible. For this, the fre
41、quency range of the local oscillator must be as high as possible. LO frequency ranges are for example 3 GHz to 6 GHz or 7 GHz to 15 GHz. IF frequencies are in the range from 320 MHz to about 700 MHz. If the measured air interface is wider than the IF bandwidth, then it is advisable to split the meas
42、urement in several frequency ranges, i.e. a one step total RF output power measurement should not be performed. Because of the great frequency spacing between the LO and the IF signal, the two signals can be separated by means of a simple diplexer. The diplexer may be realized as part of the mixer o
43、r the spectrum analyzer, or as a separate component. Mixers with an integrated diplexer are also referred to as three-port mixers, mixers without diplexers as two-port mixers. Figure 1 shows an example where a diplexer is used to convey both, the IF and LO frequencies. ETSI ETSI EN 302 686 V1.1.1 (2
44、011-02) 13Figure 1: Set-up of measurement receiver, diplexer and mixer 4.7.2 Signal identification A setup with Harmonic mixers without pre-selection displays always a pair of signals with a spacing of 2 x fIF, as there is no image suppression. For a modulated signal with a bandwidth of 2 x fIF both
45、, wanted and image response overlap and cannot be separated any more. Depending on the width of the analyzed frequency bands additional responses created from other harmonics may be displayed. In these cases it has to be determined by signal identification techniques, which of the displayed response
46、s are false responses. Signal identification techniques implemented in spectrum analyzers are based on the fact that only responses corresponding to the selected number of harmonic show a frequency spacing of 2 x fIF.This can be used for automated signal identification: apart from the actual measure
47、ment sweep, in which the lower sideband is defined as “wanted“, a reference sweep is performed. For the reference sweep, the frequency of the LO signal is tuned such that the user-selected harmonic of the LO signal (order m) is shifted downwards by 2 x fIFrelative to the measurement sweep. Parameter
48、s which influence the signal identification routines are: Number of harmonic: the higher the harmonic number the more false responses will be created. A high LO frequency range which results in a lower harmonic number for a given frequency range is desirable. IF Frequency: the higher the IF frequenc
49、y of the spectrum analyzer, the greater the spacing at which image frequency response is displayed on the frequency axis. For a single modulated or unmodulated input signal displayed on the frequency axis, an image-free range of 2 x fIFis obtained around this signal in which no signal identification is necessary. 4.7.3 Measurement hints To obtain accurate and reproducible results, the following points should be observed: A low-loss cable with a substantially flat frequency response should be used for feeding the LO signal to the m
