1、 ETSI GR IP6 006 V1.1.1 (2017-11) Generic migration steps from IPv4 to IPv6 Disclaimer The present document has been produced and approved by the IPv6 Integration (IP6) ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) and represents the views of those members who participated in this ISG. It does not necessa
2、rily represent the views of the entire ETSI membership. GROUP REPORT ETSI ETSI GR IP6 006 V1.1.1 (2017-11) 2 Reference DGR/IP6-0006 Keywords IPv4, IPv6, transition ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 0
3、0017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http:/www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any
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9、ogo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association. ETSI ETSI GR IP6 006 V1.1.1 (2017-11) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights 5g3Foreword . 5g3Modal verbs terminology 5g31 Scope 6g32 References 6g32.1 Normative references . 6g32.2 Informative references 6g33 Abbreviations . 7g34 Tran
10、sition from IPv4 to IPv6 8g34.1 IPv6 transition necessity . 8g34.2 Transition types 8g35 Transition Principles and Technologies . 9g35.1 Dual-stack. 9g35.1.1 Dual-stack Principle 9g35.1.2 Dual-stack Security Implications 10g35.1.3 Dual-stack conclusion . 10g35.2 Tunnelling 10g35.2.1 Tunnelling Princ
11、iple . 10g35.2.2 Tunnelling Security Implications 11g35.2.3 Configured tunnels (6in4) . 11g35.2.4 Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) . 11g35.2.5 Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds (6to4) 11g35.2.6 IPv6 Rapid Deployment (6rd) . 12g35.2.7 Native IPv6 behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) . 13g35.2.8 Intra
12、-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP) 13g35.2.9 Tunnelling IPv6 over UDP through NATs (Teredo) 13g35.2.10 IPv6 over IPv4 without Explicit Tunnels (6over4) . 14g35.2.11 Anything In Anything (AYIYA) 14g35.2.12 IPv6 Tunnel Broker with the Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP) . 14g35.3 Translation
13、15g35.3.1 Translation Principle . 15g35.3.2 Translation Security Implications . 16g35.3.3 Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT) . 16g35.3.4 Stateful NAT64 . 16g35.3.5 Combination of Stateful and Stateless Translation (464XLAT) . 16g35.3.6 Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite) 16g35.4 Mapping of Address
14、 and Port . 16g35.4.1 Mapping of Address and Port Principle 16g35.4.2 MAP-E 16g35.4.3 MAP-T 17g36 Sample Transition Scenarios from Operators . 17g36.1 ISP from France . 17g36.2 ISP from China . 17g36.3 Another ISP from China . 18g36.4 ISP from United States . 18g36.5 Summary 18g37 Current Levels of
15、Global IPv6 Deployment and Traffic 18g38 Application Transition 18g39 Security considerations. 19g310 Transition pitfalls . 20g3ETSI ETSI GR IP6 006 V1.1.1 (2017-11) 4 11 Conclusions 20g3Annex A: Authors Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which
16、is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (https:/ipr.etsi.org/). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in E
17、TSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Trademarks The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners. ETSI claims no ownership of these except for a
18、ny which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks. Forew
19、ord This Group Report (GR) has been produced by ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) IPv6 Integration (IP6). Modal verbs terminology In the present document “should“, “should not“, “may“, “need not“, “will“, “will not“, “can“ and “cannot“ are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ET
20、SI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions). “must“ and “must not“ are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation. ETSI ETSI GR IP6 006 V1.1.1 (2017-11) 6 1 Scope The present document outlines the generic transition steps from IPv4 to IPv6 i.1, i.2, in
21、cluding the transition necessity, principles and technology guidelines, generic transition steps, security implications and the generic step-by-step process. 2 References 2.1 Normative references Normative references are not applicable in the present document. 2.2 Informative references References a
22、re either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE: While any hype
23、rlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. i.1 IETF RFC 791:
24、“Internet Protocol“, September 1981. i.2 IETF RFC 2460: “Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification“, December 1998. i.3 IETF RFC 1631: “The IP Network Address Translator (NAT)“, May 1994. i.4 IETF RFC 1701: “Generic Routing Encapsulation“, October 1994. i.5 Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J
25、., and Y. Lee: “Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion“. i.6 IETF RFC 5569: “IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd)“, January 2010. i.7 IETF RFC 7597: “Mapping of Address and Port with Encapsulation (MAP-E)“, July 2015. i.8 IETF RFC 7599: “Mapping of Address and
26、 Port using Translation (MAP-T)“, July 2015. i.9 IETF draft-ietf-v6ops-ipv6-ehs-in-real-world-02: “Observations on the Dropping of Packets with IPv6 Extension Headers in the Real World“, December 2015. i.10 IETF RFC 6555: “A. Happy Eyeballs: Success with Dual-Stack Hosts“, April 2013. i.11 IETF RFC
27、7359: “Layer 3 Virtual Private Network (VPN) Tunnel Traffic Leakages in Dual-Stack Hosts/Networks“, August 2014. i.12 LinkedInCase Study: “IPv6 at a Social Media Company“. Schuller, S. 11th Slovenian IPv6 Summit, June 21, 2016, Ljubljana, Slovenia. NOTE: Available at https:/go6.si/wp-content/uploads
28、/2016/06/LinkedIn-Case-Study.pdf. i.13 IETF RFC 1702: “Generic Routing Encapsulation over IPv4 networks“. i.14 IETF RFC 5969: “IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd) - Protocol Specification“. i.15 IETF RFC 6751: “Native IPv6 behind IPv4-to-IPv4 NAT Customer Premises Equipment (6a44)“.
29、i.16 IETF RFC 5214: “Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)“. ETSI ETSI GR IP6 006 V1.1.1 (2017-11) 7 i.17 IETF RFC 6343: “Advisory Guidelines for 6to4 Deployment“. i.18 IETF RFC 4213: “Basic Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers“. i.19 IETF RFC 6333: “Dual-tack Lite Bro
30、adband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion“. i.20 IETF RFC 6346: “The Address plus Port (A+P) Approach to the IPv4 Address Shortage“. i.21 IETF RFC 7739: “Security Implications of Predictable Fragment Identification Values“. i.22 Dan York: “Migrating Applications to IPv6“, 2011. 3 Abbreviations Fo
31、r the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: 4464XLAT Combination of Stateful and Stateless Translation 6a44 Native IPv6 behind NAT44 CPEs 6over4 IPv6 over IPv4 without Explicit Tunnels 6RD IPv6 Rapid Deployment 6to4 Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds AAAA An AA
32、AA record points a domain or subdomain to an IPv6 address API Application Program Interface AYIYA Anything-In-Anything CGN Carrier Grade NAT CPE Customer-Premises Equipment DNS Domain Name Server DoS Denial of ServiceDS-Lite Dual-Stack Lite GRE Generic Routing Encapsulation ICMP Internet Control Mes
33、sages Protocol ICP Internet Content Provider IoT Internet of Things IP Internet Protocol IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4 IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 ISATAP Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol ISP Internet Service Provider MAN Metropolitan Area Network MAP Mapping of Address and Por
34、t MAP-E Mapping of Address and Port - Encapsulation MAP-T Mapping of Address and Port - Translation MSS Maximum Segment Size MTU Maximum Transmission Unit NAT Network Address Translation NAT-PT Network Address Translation - Protocol Translation NBMA Non-Broadcast Multiple Access SIIT Stateless IP/IC
35、MP Translation Algorithm TCP Transmission Control Protocol Teredo Tunnelling IPv6 over UDP through NATs TSP IPv6 Tunnel Broker with the Tunnel Setup Protocol UDP User Datagram Protocol ETSI ETSI GR IP6 006 V1.1.1 (2017-11) 8 4 Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 4.1 IPv6 transition necessity For more than
36、35 years, IPv4 has been the core underlying technology enabling services such as the web, e-mail, and so forth. However, as a result of the unexpected growth of the Internet, the IPv4 32-bit address space has become a limiting factor to future Internet growth - that is, IPv4 will be unable to provid
37、e a globally routable unique IP address to each system to connect to the Internet. To overcome the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses, the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) was developed, with 128-bit addresses that provide enough addresses to allow for the foreseeable future growth of the Internet. IPv4
38、 address exhaustion has accelerated IPv6 deployment. There are two complementary ways to ensure service continuity: Start introducing IPv6 and give new customers IPv6 addresses. Implement IPv4 address sharing mechanisms to continue using IPv4 service. Please note that IPv4 address sharing (using Net
39、work Address Translation (NAT) i.3) could only temporarily relieve the IPv4 address exhaustion problem, and that other challenges arise with massive deployment of IPv4 address sharing in the form of Carrier Grade NAT (CGN). CGNs not only result in more complicated networks and increased network mana
40、gement and operational costs, but also eventually introduce interoperability problems. Besides, due to address sharing, it results in loss of geo-location information, and difficult lawful intercept/abuse response. Therefore, transition to IPv6 is the only real solution to address the IPv4 address e
41、xhaustion problem. Please note that the pressure resulting from IPv4 address exhaustion varies from one organization (e.g. ISP) to another due to many factors, such as the situation of address storage and Internet penetration. This results in a different pace for supporting IPv6. Currently, there ar
42、e a few applications or services only available in IPv6. And it is expected that it will take a long time for all IPv4-only services to be transitioned to IPv6. In fact, it is expected that many of such IPv4-only services will be “transitioned“ to IPv6 when their corresponding systems are phased-out
43、 and replaced with IPv6-ready counter-parts. Therefore, it is expected that IPv4 and IPv6 will co-exist for a long time, and thus, even in the presence of IPv6-deployment, IPv4 provisioning needs to be taken care of. 4.2 Transition types The original transition plan from IPv4 to IPv6 was based on th
44、e Dual Stack principle. Essentially, every node in the Internet would implement and enable IPv6 well before IPv4 address exhaustion. Unfortunately, such plan failed, and a number of transition technologies were subsequently implemented to allow for the incremental deployment of IPv6, and the co-exis
45、tence of IPv4 and IPv6. Transition technologies are employed for one of the following goals: Providing IPv6 connectivity Providing IPv4 connectivity (usually by multiplexing multiple devices in the same IPv4 address) The following transition technologies are employed for providing IPv6 connectivity:
46、 Dual-stack Configured tunnels (6in4) Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) IPv6 Rapid Deployment (6rd) i.6 Native IPv6 behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP) ETSI ETSI GR IP6 006 V1.1.1 (2017-11) 9 Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds (6to4) Tunnelling
47、 IPv6 over UDP through NATs (Teredo) IPv6 over IPv4 without Explicit Tunnels (6over4) Anything In Anything (AYIYA) IPv6 Tunnel Broker with the Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP) The following transition technologies are employed for providing IPv4 connectivity: Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT
48、) Stateful NAT64 Combination of Stateful and Stateless Translation (4464XLAT) Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite) i.5 MAP-E i.7 MAP-T i.8 These transition technologies are discussed in clause 5. 5 Transition Principles and Technologies 5.1 Dual-stack 5.1.1 Dual-stack Principle The dual stack principle was the
49、 original transition plan to IPv6. Essentially, every node on the Internet would implement and enable IPv6 before the IPv4 address space was exhausted. Thus, IPv4 support could start to be disabled at any time, since all communications could be performed over IPv6. Unfortunately, this plan failed, and the Internet hit IPv4 address exhaustion before widespread deployment of IPv6. Nevertheless, Dual Stack is still the preferred transition technology for servers, since it allows
