1、 ETSI TR 101 362 V8.4.0 (2005-06)Technical Report Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);Radio Network Planning Aspects(3GPP TR 03.30 version 8.4.0 Release 1999)GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSRETSI ETSI TR 101 362 V8.4.0 (2005-06) 1 3GPP TR 03.30 version 8.4.0 Release 1999 Ref
2、erence RTR/TSGG-000330v840 Keywords GSM ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice Individ
3、ual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http:/www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document
4、Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the curre
5、nt status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http:/portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http:/portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduce
6、d except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2005. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM and UMTSTM are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
7、TIPHONTMand the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks currently being registered by ETSI for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI ETSI TR 101 362 V8.4.0 (2005-06) 2 3GPP TR 03.30 version 8.4.0 Release
8、 1999 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Pr
9、operty Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, i
10、ncluding IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has b
11、een produced by ETSI 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The present document may refer to technical specifications or reports using their 3GPP identities, UMTS identities or GSM identities. These should be interpreted as being references to the corresponding ETSI deliverables. The cross refe
12、rence between GSM, UMTS, 3GPP and ETSI identities can be found under http:/webapp.etsi.org/key/queryform.asp . ETSI ETSI TR 101 362 V8.4.0 (2005-06) 3 3GPP TR 03.30 version 8.4.0 Release 1999 Contents Intellectual Property Rights2 Foreword.2 Foreword.5 1 Scope 6 1.2 References 6 1.3 Abbreviations .6
13、 2 Traffic distributions6 2.1 Uniform6 2.2 Non-uniform.7 3 Cell coverage7 3.1 Location probability .7 3.2 Ec/No threshold7 3.3 RF-budgets .7 3.4 Cell ranges8 3.4.1 Large cells.8 3.4.2 Small cells.9 3.4.3 Microcells .9 4 Channel re-use10 4.1 C/Ic threshold .10 4.2 Trade-off between Ec/No and C/Ic.10
14、4.3 Adjacent channel suppressions.11 4.4 Antenna patterns.11 4.5 Antenna heights11 4.6 Path loss balance 11 4.7 Cell dimensioning.11 4.8 Channel allocation12 4.9 Frequency hopping.12 4.10 Cells with extra long propagation delay.12 5 Propagation models12 5.1 Terrain obstacles 12 5.2 Environment facto
15、rs .13 5.3 Field strength measurements 13 5.4 Cell adjustments .13 6 Glossary13 7 Bibliography.14 Annex A.1: (GSM 900 class 4) Example of RF-budget for GSM 900 MS handheld RF-output peak power 2 W.15 Annex A.2: (class 2) Example of RF-budget for GSM MS RF-output peak power 8 W 17 Annex A.3: (DCS1800
16、 classes 1 2 presented to TSG for approval; 3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control. y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections, updates, etc. z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have bee
17、n incorporated in the document. ETSI ETSI TR 101 362 V8.4.0 (2005-06) 6 3GPP TR 03.30 version 8.4.0 Release 1999 1 Scope This 3GPP Technical Report (3GPP TR) is a descriptive recommendation to be helpful in cell planning. 1.2 References The following documents contain provisions which, through refer
18、ence in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. For a non-specific reference, the latest version ap
19、plies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same Release as the present document. 1 GSM 01.04: “Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Abbreviations and acron
20、yms”. 2 GSM 05.02: “Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path”. 3 GSM 05.05: “Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Radio transmission and reception”. 4 GSM 05.08: “Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);
21、 Radio subsystem link control”. 5 CCIR Recommendation 370-5: “VHF and UHF propagation curves for the frequency range from 30 MHz to 1000 MHz”. 6 CCIR Report 567-3: “Methods and statistics for estimating field strength values in the land mobile services using the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHz”. 7 C
22、CIR Report 842: “Spectrum-conserving terrestrial frequency assignments for given frequency-distance seperations”. 8 CCIR Report 740: “General aspects of cellular systems”. 1.3 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: Abbreviations used in this TR are
23、 given clause 6 (Glossary) and in GSM 01.04 1. 2 Traffic distributions 2.1 Uniform A uniform traffic distribution can be considered to start with in large cells as an average over the cell area, especially in the country side. ETSI ETSI TR 101 362 V8.4.0 (2005-06) 7 3GPP TR 03.30 version 8.4.0 Relea
24、se 1999 2.2 Non-uniform A non-uniform traffic distribution is the usual case, especially for urban areas. The traffic peak is usually in the city centre with local peaks in the suburban centres and motorway junctions. A bell-shaped area traffic distribution is a good traffic density macro model for
25、cities like London and Stockholm. The exponential decay constant is on average 15 km and 7,5 km respectively. However, the exponent varies in different directions depending on how the city is built up. Increasing handheld traffic will sharpen the peak. Line coverage along communication routes as mot
26、orways and streets is a good micro model for car mobile traffic. For a maturing system an efficient way to increase capacity and quality is to build cells especially for covering these line concentrations with the old area covering cells working as umbrella cells. Point coverage of shopping centres
27、and traffic terminals is a good micro model for personal handheld traffic. For a maturing system an efficient way to increase capacity and quality is to build cells on these points as a complement to the old umbrella cells and the new line covering cells for car mobile traffic. 3 Cell coverage 3.1 L
28、ocation probability Location probability is a quality criterion for cell coverage. Due to shadowing and fading a cell edge is defined by adding margins so that the minimum service quality is fulfilled with a certain probability. For car mobile traffic a usual measure is 90 % area coverage per cell,
29、taking into account the minimum signal-to-noise ratio Ec/No under multipath fading conditions. For lognormal shadowing an area coverage can be translated into a location probability on cell edge (Jakes, 1974). For the normal case of urban propagation with a standard deviation of 7 dB and a distance
30、exponential of 3.5, 90 % area coverage corresponds to about 75 % location probability at the cell edge. Furthermore, the lognormal shadow margin in this case will be 5 dB, as described in CEPT Recommendation T/R 25-03 and CCIR Report 740. 3.2 Ec/No threshold The mobile radio channel is characterized
31、 by wideband multipath propagation effects such as delay spread and Doppler shift as defined in GSM 05.05 annex C. The reference signal-to-noise ratio in the modulating bit rate bandwidth (271 kHz) is Ec/No = 8 dB including 2 dB implementation margin for the GSM system at the minimum service quality
32、 without interference. The Ec/No quality threshold is different for various logical channels and propagation conditions as described in GSM 05.05. 3.3 RF-budgets The RF-link between a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and a Mobile Station (MS) including handheld is best described by an RF-budget. Annex
33、 A consists of 6 such budgets; A.1 for GSM 900 MS class 4; A.2 for GSM 900 MS class 2, A.3 for DCS 1800 MS classes 1 and 2, A.4 for GSM 900 class 4 in small cells, A.5 for GSM 400 class 4 in small cells and A.6 for DCS 1800 MS class 1. GSM 900 RF-budgets should be used for 850 band. The Mean Effecti
34、ve Gain (MEG) of handheld MS in scattered field representing the cell range taking into consideration absorption, detuning and mismatch of the handheld antenna by the human body (MEG = -antenna/body loss) of 13 dBi for GSM 400, -9 dBi for GSM 900 and -6 dBi for DCS 1800 is incorporated in annex A.1,
35、 A.3, A.4 and A.5 as shown from measurements in Tdoc SMG2 1075/99. At 900 MHz, the indoor loss is the field strength decrease when moving into a house on the bottom floor on 1.5 m height from the street. The indoor loss near windows ( 20 m Path loss in dB (DCS 1800) = 107,7 + 26log(d/km) d 20 m The
36、propagation loss in microcells increases sharply as the receiver moves out of line of sight, for example, around a street corner. This can be taken into account by adding 20 dB to the propagation loss per corner, up to two or three corners (the propagation being more of a guided type in this case).
37、Beyond, the complete COST231-Walfish-Ikegami model as presented in annex B should be used. Microcells have a radius in the region of 200 to 300 metres and therefore exhibit different usage patterns from large and small cells. They can be supported by generally smaller and cheaper BTSs. Since there w
38、ill be many different microcell environments, a number of microcell BTS classes are defined in GSM 05.05. This allows the most appropriate microcell BTS to be chosen based upon the Minimum Coupling Loss expected between MS and the microcell BTS. The MCL dictates the close proximity working in a micr
39、ocell environment and depends on the relative BTS/MS antenna heights, gains and the positioning of the BTS antenna. In order to aid cell planning, the micro-BTS class for a particular installation should be chosen by matching the measured or predicted MCL at the chosen site with the following table.
40、 The microcell specifications have been based on a frequency spacing of 6 MHz between the microcell channels and the channels used by any other cell in the vicinity. However, for smaller frequency spacings (down to 1.8 MHz) a larger MCL must be maintained in order to guarantee successful close proxi
41、mity operation. This is due to an increase in wideband noise and a decrease in the MS blocking requirement from mobiles closer to the carrier. Micro-BTS class Recommended MCL (GSM 900) Recommended MCL (DCS 1800) Normal Small freq. spacing Normal Small freq. spacing M1 60 64 60 68 M2 55 59 55 63 M3 5
42、0 54 50 58 Operators should note that when using the smaller frequency spacing and hence larger MCL the blocking and wideband noise performance of the micro-BTS will be better than necessary. Operators should exercise caution in choosing the microcell BTS class and transmit power. If they depart fro
43、m the recommended parameters in 05.05 they risk compromising the performance of the networks operating in the same frequency band and same geographical area. 4 Channel re-use 4.1 C/Ic threshold The C/Ic threshold is the minimum co-channel carrier-to-interference ratio in the active part of the times
44、lot at the minimum service quality when interference limited. The reference threshold C/Ic = 9 dB includes 2 dB implementation margin on the simulated residual BER threshold The threshold quality varies with logical channels and propagation conditions, see GSM 05.05. 4.2 Trade-off between Ec/No and
45、C/Ic For planning large cells the service range can be noise limited as defined by Ec/No plus a degradation margin of 3 dB protected by 3 dB increase of C/Ic, see annex A. For planning small cells it can be more feasible to increase Ec/No by 6 dB corresponding to an increase of C/Ic by 1 dB to cover
46、 shadowed areas better. C/(I+N) = 9 dB represents the GSM limit performance. To permit handheld coverage with 10 dB indoor loss, the Ec/No has to be increased by 10 dB outdoors corresponding to a negligible increase of C/Ic outdoors permitting about the same interference limited coverage for MS incl
47、uding handhelds. The range outdoors can also be noise limited like the range indoors as shown in section 3.4 and annex A.1. ETSI ETSI TR 101 362 V8.4.0 (2005-06) 113GPP TR 03.30 version 8.4.0 Release 1999 4.3 Adjacent channel suppressions Adjacent channel suppression (ACS) is the gain (Ia/Ic) in C/I
48、 when wanted and unwanted GSM RF-signals co-exist on adjacent RF channels whilst maintaining the same quality as in the co-channel case, i.e. ACS = C/Ic - C/Ia. Taking into account frequency errors and fading conditions in the product of spectrum and filter of wanted and unwanted GSM RF-signals, ACS
49、 = 18 dB is typical as can be found in GSM 05.05. 1stACS = 18 dB, i.e. C/Ia1 = 18 dB gives an acceptable handover- margin of = 6 dB for signalling back to the old BTS as shown in GSM 05.08. An exception might be adjacent cells using the same site due to uplink interference risks. 2ndACS = 50 dB, i.e. C/Ia2 25 dB, backscattering from the main lobe must be suppressed by using an antenna height of at least 10 m above forward obstacles in ca 0.5 km. In order to achieve an omni-directional pattern with as few nulls as possible, the ideal non-directional
