1、 ETSI TR 102 021-8 V1.1.1 (2003-09)Technical Report Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA);User Requirement Specification TETRA Release 2;Part 8: Air - Ground - Air servicesETSI ETSI TR 102 021-8 V1.1.1 (2003-09) 2 Reference DTR/TETRA-01116 Keywords Tetra, V+D ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia A
2、ntipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http:/www.etsi.org The pr
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6、 Standards Institute 2003. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM and UMTSTM are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. TIPHONTMand the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks currently being registered by ETSI for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered f
7、or the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI ETSI TR 102 021-8 V1.1.1 (2003-09) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights4 Foreword.4 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 References 5 3 Definitions and abbreviations.5 3.1 Definitions5 3.2 Abbreviations .6 4 User Requirement Specif
8、ication.6 4.1 General Requirements 6 4.2 Air to Ground Implementation .7 4.3 Signalling .7 4.3.1 General7 4.3.2 Cell Reselection7 4.3.3 Moving from terrestrial cell to air cell8 4.3.3.1 General8 4.3.3.2 Preferred location area 8 4.3.3.3 Highly preferred subscriber class8 4.3.4 Moving from air cell t
9、o air cell.8 4.3.5 Moving from air cell to terrestrial cell9 4.3.6 Neighbour cell monitoring10 4.4 Wide band noise .10 4.5 Large radius cells10 4.5.1 General10 4.5.2 Reduced ramp up and ramp down timing .11 4.5.3 Radio frequency planning.11 4.5.4 Border cell configuration 11 4.5.5 Other impacts12 4.
10、6 DMO 12 4.7 Failure modes .12 5 Conclusions on options 12 6 Enhancements to the standards and TIPs for AGA operation13 Annex A: Bibliography 14 History 15 ETSI ETSI TR 102 021-8 V1.1.1 (2003-09) 4 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have
11、been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standard
12、s“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other
13、IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Project Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA). The present document is part 8 of a multi-pa
14、rt deliverable covering the User Requirement Specifications (URSs) for TETRA Release 2, as identified below: Part 1: “General Overview“; Part 2: “High Speed Data“; Part 3: “Codec“; Part 4: “Air Interface Enhancements“; Part 5: “Interworking and Roaming“; Part 6: “Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)“; P
15、art 7: “Security“; Part 8: “Air - Ground - Air Services“. Introduction The TETRA Release 2 suite of standards was mandated in the new Terms of Reference (ToR) for ETSI Project TETRA approved at ETSI Board meeting number 28 (Board 28) on 6thSeptember 2000 7. Its aim was to enhance the services and fa
16、cilities of TETRA in order to meet the emerging user requirements, utilize new technologies and, by maintaining the competitiveness with other wireless technologies, increase the futureproofness of TETRA as the standard for PMR and PAMR worldwide. The approved programme for TETRA Release 2 covers fi
17、ve work areas, namely: high speed data; speech coding; air interface enhancements; interworking and roaming; SIM. The present document provides the User Requirement Specification for the TETRA Air - Ground - Air (AGA) services which is an expansion of the AGA requirements given in TR 102 021-4, clau
18、se 4.2.7 4. The URS is required by Working Group 3 of EPT to enable the additional standardization of the TETRA air interface and by the TETRA MoU to finalize the creation of a TETRA Interoperability Profile (TIP) for AGA. ETSI ETSI TR 102 021-8 V1.1.1 (2003-09) 5 1 Scope The present document provid
19、es the user requirements for a TETRA-based AGA service. The present document is applicable to the specification of TETRA Release 2 equipment. The AGA User Requirements Specification contained in the present document are based on a study by EPT WG1 which reviewed previous user requirements documentat
20、ion and considered ongoing implementation work. 2 References For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR) the following references apply: 1 ETSI TR 102 021-1: “Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); User Requirement Specification TETRA Release 2; Part 1: General Overview“. 2 ETSI TR 102 021-2: “Terres
21、trial Trunked Radio (TETRA); User Requirement Specification TETRA Release 2; Part 2: High Speed Data“. 3 ETSI TR 102 021-3: “Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); User Requirement Specification TETRA Release 2; Part 3: Codec“. 4 ETSI TR 102 021-4: “Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); User Requirement Sp
22、ecification TETRA Release 2; Part 4: Air Interface Enhancements“. 5 ETSI TR 102 021-5: “Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); User Requirement Specification TETRA Release 2; Part 5: Interworking and Roaming“. 6 ETSI TR 102 021-6: “Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); User Requirement Specification TETRA
23、Release 2; Part 6: Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)“. 7 ETSI TR 102 021-7: “Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); User Requirement Specification TETRA Release 2; Part 7: Security“. 8 ETSI TR 101 987: “Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Proposed Air Interface Enhancements for TETRA Release 2; Analysis a
24、nd Feasibility Assessment“. 9 ETSI EN 300 392-2: “Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Voice plus Data (V+D); Part 2: Air Interface (AI)“. 10 TETRA MoU TTR 001-1: “TETRA Interoperability Profile (TIP) Version 4; Part 1 (CORE)“. 11 TETRA MoU TTR 001-16: “TETRA Interoperability Profile (TIP); Part 16 (A
25、ir to Ground). 3 Definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: aircraft: fixed wing aeroplane or helicopter air MS: TETRA mobile station certified for use in aircraft TETRA Release 2: work Programme with new terms o
26、f reference within ETSI Project TETRA to enhance the services and facilities of TETRA in order to meet new user requirements, utilize new technology and increase the longevity of TETRA within the traditional market domains of PMR and PAMR ETSI ETSI TR 102 021-8 V1.1.1 (2003-09) 6 3.2 Abbreviations F
27、or the purposes of the present document the following abbreviations apply: AGA Air - Ground - Air BS Base Station DMO Direct Mode Operation HLA Home Location Area LA Location Area MAC Medium Access Control MS Mobile Station PAMR Public Access Mobile Radio PEI Peripheral Equipment Interface PDU Proto
28、col Data Unit RF Radio Frequency RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator SwMI Switching and Management Infrastructure TCH Traffic Channel TIP TETRA Interoperability Profile TMO Trunked Mode Operation ToR Terms of Reference Tx TransmitURS User Requirement Specification 4 User Requirement Specificatio
29、n 4.1 General Requirements The requirements for an Air to Ground service can be summarized as: 1) Air terminals should have the same TETRA services (Mobility Management, voice and data) as terrestrial terminals. 2) The air terminal may need to be approved by the local Aviation Authority. 3) There is
30、 a need for RF co-ordination on networks in the same and in neighbouring countries. The amount of co-ordination may vary depending on the countries involved. 4) The air terminal should operate in either helicopters or fixed wing aircraft. 5) The aircraft may operate in the height range 0 feet to 10
31、000 feet above sea level (typically 800 feet to 1 200 feet). 6) It is not a common requirement but, there may be specialist requirements for higher altitude operation to be considered as a future user need. An example of this could be fixed wing aeroplanes that are used for patient transport. This m
32、ay be dealt with on a case-by-case basis. 7) The helicopters operate at a maximum speed of 300 km/h. Fixed wing aircraft may operate at a maximum speed of 500 km/h. 8) The traffic capacity is estimated at around one erlang (total) in typical air to ground networks (data from papers WG19815 and WG198
33、46 - see bibliography). In fact there are likely to be regional variations within any given overlay A2G network and 4 years have passed since these estimates. The traffic forecasts are likely to have changed and regional impacts will have to be introduced but the important point is the volume of tra
34、ffic will be very low compared with that found in the terrestrial networks. Also note the peak traffic may be higher because there may be more than one air MS per aircraft 9) There is a need for inter-network co-operation. An aircraft flying from any European country (e.g. Greece) should be able to
35、use an air network in any other European country (e.g. Finland) and all those in-between. 10) A necessary step from the interoperability requirement is that the service must be flexible and easy to manage. ETSI ETSI TR 102 021-8 V1.1.1 (2003-09) 7 11) The number of air terminals in a network is typi
36、cally in the tens (20 - 50). Depending on the country, this can be equated to around 1 aircraft per several (2 to 5) thousand square km. 4.2 Air to Ground Implementation The implementation of an air service must use standard TETRA V+D air interface, base stations and terminals with only slight modif
37、ications to take account of the special needs. This approach will mean that all the services that are available to terrestrial users are also available to air users. It is also a practical approach as there will be many legacy MSs (on terrestrial networks) when the Air to Ground service is introduce
38、d. The direct use of the normal TETRA terrestrial network has been rejected, as the interference introduced by aircraft would be impossible to counter using techniques such as directional antennae and RF planning. To overcome the co-channel interference to/from the air MSs, the air to ground impleme
39、ntation will employ an overlay network for the air terminals. This overlay network has its own band of frequencies. This overlay network can be “thin“ as the propagation losses in free air are small and the level of traffic needed is also small. The air terminal should be allowed to use the terrestr
40、ial network when it is “on the ground“. Without this feature the overlay network would have to duplicate the coverage of the terrestrial network. For this network recognition to be possible the air terminal and the terrestrial terminal must be able to distinguish between the two networks (terrestria
41、l and air overlay). Note; it will not necessarily be possible to use network identifiers such as MNC to distinguish the air overlay network from the terrestrial network. The differences between the overlay network and the terrestrial network are more in the area of frequencies, BS placement and ante
42、nna configurations. Operators have started to roll out overlay networks for use by airborne air terminals. 4.3 Signalling 4.3.1 General In general, the air interface signalling will be identical to that of a terrestrial TETRA terminal. The only difference will be the need for some cell reselection m
43、odifications and to take account of the low propagation losses in free air. 4.3.2 Cell Reselection To employ a cellular infrastructure for the air service, the consideration of cell reselection signalling has lead to suggested modifications in air interface operation. The changes are made in the TIP
44、s rather than the air interface itself. The TETRA air interface standard was optimized for terrestrial operation where the propagation environment is different from that found in air to ground use. It is recognized that handover performance for MSs in the air may sometimes be compromised. This depen
45、ds on the exact implementations that will be used for cell reselection in the air to ground service. It is therefore important for manufacturers to carefully consider handover for the MS.Improvements proposed in TETRA 2 Air Interface Enhancements may improve handover in the air to ground service, es
46、pecially the changes to the power control element defined in TR 101 987 8, clause 5.2.2.3. This suggested introducing a new value of “nearly maximum path delay“ to warn in advance that maximum path delay is being approached so that cell handover can be achieved in a controlled manner. The current ai
47、r interface standard EN 300 392-2 9, clause 21.5.3 has only one value for maximum path delay exceeded, which can only be indicated after link failure. Some common factors to be considered are: 1) SwMI and MS should include parameters that will help identify the air overlay network and encourage MSs
48、to stay on the appropriate one. 2) Every terrestrial base station must have at least one air cell in its neighbour list to support fast selection of the air overlay network. It is recognized that this requirement may have an impact on the terrestrial scanning performance. The impact will depend on t
49、he number of terrestrial neighbours. ETSI ETSI TR 102 021-8 V1.1.1 (2003-09) 8 3) The neighbour list for air cells needs careful consideration. It is expected that each air cell will overlay several terrestrial cells. Every air cell should have at least some of these terrestrial cells as neighbours. The choice of terrestrial cell neighbours will be network dependent. Non-optimal neighbours may cause a break in service as the aircraft lands. 4) To enable the MS to gather neighbour information by monitoring, the SwMI must broadcast the requi
